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COPYRIGHT DEPOSm 



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EDUCATIONAL DEPARTMENT 



OUTLINES 



OF 



Courses of Study 



(Revised Prospectus) 



GEORGE B. HODGE 

Educational Secretary 



YOUNG MEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION PRESS 
NEW YORK 







Copyright, 1908, 

BY 

The International Committee 
OF Young Men's Christian Associations 



TABLE OF CONTENTS 

PAGE 

Preface 

I. Definitions and Essentials 1 

II. Group Courses S 

Commercial,' Shorthand, Practical Mechanics, Electrical, Plumbing, 
Boys' Preparatory, College Preparatory, Civil Service. 

III. Subject Courses 11 

Commercial and Business 13 

Commercial Arithmetic, Mechanics' Business Arithmetic, Pen- 
manship, Business Correspondence, Bookkeeping, Accountancy, 
Stenography, Typewriting, Business and Commercial Law, 
Commercial Geography, Office Boys' Training, Business, Com- 
merce and Finance, Advertising, Real Estate, Salesmanship, 
Care of Buildings, Journalism. 

Social Science 31 

History of the United States, Municipal Government, Economics, 
Ethics, Sociology, Civics. 

Industrial and Technical 35 

Freehand Drawing, Industrial Design, Clay Modeling, Archi- 
tectural Drawing, Plan Reading and Estimating, Building 
Construction, Masonry Construction, Structural Work in 
Steel, Mechanical Drawing, Blue Print Reading, Machine 
Design, Locomotive and Car Design, Physics, Elementary 
Electricity, Applied Electricity, Electric Wiring, Electric 
Railways, Telegraphy, Telephony, Shop Mathematics, Ap- 
plied Mechanics, Strength of Materials, Elementary Chemistry, 
Applied Chemistry, Metallurgy of Iron and Steel, Mining and 
Assaying, Pharmacy, Practical Steam Engineering, Marine 
Engineering, Locomotive Engineering, Stationary Steam En- 
gineering or Engineers' License, Boiler Firing, Ship Drafting, 
Navigation, Surveying, Municipal Engineering, Railroad En- 
gineering, First Aid to the Injured, Personal Hygiene, Public 
Health or Community Hygiene, Textiles, Shop Work or 
Manual Training, Arts and Crafts, Automobile Work, Window 
Trimming, Sign Painting, Sign Lettering and Show Card 
Writing, Art in House Furnishing and Decorating, Seaman- 
ship, Motor Boating, Fire Protection, Printing. 

Machine and Building Trades 88 

Carpentry and Building, Pattern Making, Foundry Work, Forg- 
ing, Tool Making, Machine Shop Practice, Sheet Metal Work, 
Boiler Making, Metal Roofing, Tinsmithing, Plumbing, Heating 
and Ventilation, Steam and Hot Water Fitting, Bricklaying, 
Plastering, House Painting, Fresco Painting. 



iv CONTENTS 

Language and Academic 102 

Business English, English Composition and Rhetoric, Literature, 
English for Non-English Speaking, German, French, Latin, 
Spanish, Elementary Algebra, Plane Geometry, Solid Geometry, 
Trigonometry, Physical Geography, Public Speaking and Elo- 
cution, Reading Course, Elements of Music. 

Agricultural and Rural Science 118 

P'orestry, Soils, Field Crops, Grain Grading and Judging, Rural 
Economy and Farm Management, Insects, Pests, and Plant 
Diseases, Animal Husbandry, Poultry Husbandry, Dairy Hus- 
bandry, Rural Engineering, Agricultural Clubs for Boys, 
Educational Work in Camps. 

Special Railroad 126 

Enginemen, Locomotive Firemen, Conductors, Trainmen, Office 
Men, Air Brake, Transportation of Explosives, Express Com- 
pany Employees. 

IV. International Examinations 135 

International Examiners, Regulations, Special Instructions. 



PREFACE 

The fifth edition of the Educational Prospectus having 
become exhausted, it is necessary to issue its successor, and 
this has required a great deal of time and effort on the part 
of many experienced Association men and educational 
authorities. 

The former issue contained outlines and suggestions from 
experience, for thirty-three subjects and courses, while the 
present issue, or sixth edition, includes similar material for 
one hundred and fifteen. In gathering and arranging these 
outlines, from the best work of the kind among employed 
men and boys, the Committee has striven to make the 
result so valuable and practical that no educational director, 
general secretary, or teacher, can expect to do his best work 
without becoming familiar with the material of this book. 

For their patient and helpful cooperation in this work, the 
Committee is under obligation to the various International 
examiners, especially to Dr. T. M. Balliet, Prof. L. Rouillion, 
Prof. W. S. Perry, Prof. A. D. F. Hamlin, Prof. A. L. 
Williston; also to a number of the educational directors, 
especially A. G. Bookwalter, G. B. Landis, J. G. Perkins, 
B. B. Farnsworth, R. P. Kaighn, A. D. Dean. This book 
will serve each Association best, not when its outlines are 
slavishly followed, but when it is used as the outlines direct 
and as per the suggestion below. 



IMPORTANT 

It is essential that each educational officer or teacher care- 
fully read the first ten pages of this book, also the suggestions 
at the head of each section, before arranging the local course 
in any subject. 



I. DEFINITIONS AND ESSENTIALS 



Scope and Purpose 

Association educational work supplements public and 
other school work, aids many young- men in preparing for 
college and technical schools, helps employed men and 
boys to discover and improve their abilities, and is a servant 
of commerce, trade, and industry. It includes : 

1. The stimulation of effort in libraries and reading 
rooms. 

2. The inspiration of lectures and practical talks. 

3. The cooperation of educational clubs, groups, and 
tours for research. 

4. The instruction in class recitation, laboratory work, 
and shop practice. 

This book, with its suggestions and outlines of courses, 
pertains more especially to the fourth section — the work of 
small groups in class recitation, laboratory training and 
tutoring. The other features of the movement are treated 
in "Educational Work for Men." The purpose of this 
book is to aid local Associations in deciding upon and lay- 
ing out their courses for both boys and men, to help them 
improve the character and quality of their work, and thus 
strengthen it as a whole. 

The outlines of courses and suggestions naturally divide 
themselves into two parts: (1) Group courses of the out- 
line of a group of consecutive and closely related subjects in 
which the aim is to encourage students to continue sys- 
tematic work, either day or night, for three to six years, and 
prepare for or develop in some vocation as that of a 
machinist, or fit for college as in the college preparatory 
courses. See pages 5-10. (2) Subject courses, or outlines 



2 OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY 

in which attention is concentrated upon a single subject for 
one or two seasons, as in bookkeeping. See pages 11-31. 

As the work grows, and while the subject courses will 
still meet the larger need, more of the group courses will be 
rapidly developed, for both day and night work. 

Quality vs. Numbers 

To meet the growing demands of commerce, manufacture, 
and industry to-day, we must have a better quality of work, 
a more efficient training, a broader industrial intelligence, a 
greater skill, and with it all a higher character in men. 
Best results are realized in three ways : 1. When men are 
properly prepared to enter upon any course. 2. When that 
kind of instruction or training is given which equips the 
students with the basic scientific principles, gives the ability 
to apply knowledge to daily problems, and at the same time 
develops reason, judgment, initiative, right habits, and 
character. 3. When students, as they proceed, especially in 
any industrial or vocational course, are required to master 
the fundamentals related to or connected with it, as mathe- 
matics, drawing, elements of physics and chemistry, labora- 
tory, and shop work. The present demands for better 
trained men, together with the prevalence of too much 
superficial, commercialized instruction, usually outside but 
sometimes in the Association, make quality of work, rather 
than niimbers of students, all the more necessary to-day. 

The instruction in the different courses will naturally 
vary in every place, but should include such class work, 
lectures, quizzes, and laboratory practice as will develop 
individual efficiency and meet the local needs. 

Academic vs. Vocational 

While the larger part of Association educational work is 
and will continue to be supplementary to public and other 



DEFINITIONS AND ESSENTIALS 3 

school work, and while it will have more direct reference to 
meeting the great present need — improved vocational train- 
ing — yet there is a growth in the line of the practical 
academic features. In both day and evening work larger 
numbers of students are asking the Association to fit them 
for all kinds of academic examinations, to prepare them for 
college entrance, or other forms of matriculation. In this 
way many of the subject courses in language and science 
subjects, as well as those of the group courses like the col- 
lege preparatory, are in large and increasing demand. 

Day Work 

Association experience proves that there is relatively just 
as large a field for the introduction of appropriate educa- 
tional privileges in the daytime as in the evening, and instead 
of competing with public and other schools, good day work 
encourages and strengthens all such other efforts in addition 
to meeting a distinct need not otherwise met. 

In its day work, and with the instruction largely if not 
wholly individual, the Association conducts some courses 
in single subjects, some group courses, either academic as in 
college preparatory or industrial and trade as in machine 
and building trade courses, or vocational as in civil service, 
business, boys' preparatory, office training and others. The 
careful and wise development of this adapted supplemental 
work, da3^time as well as evening, will prove one of the best 
Association investments, because the Association plant will 
be in more continuous use. 

Individual Instruction 

The abilities and ambitions of men differ so widely that 
personal instruction is becoming more necessary year by 
year. Smaller classes and groups of men with higher tuition 
fees, make possible far more valuable instruction and hence 
better results. 



4 OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY 

Nature and Brevity of the Outlines 

The outlines herein presented are the results of experience 
in the best evening schools among employed men and boys. 
They include only the more essential topics and principles. 
In view of the facts that (1) there are many good courses 
in each subject; (2) that the teachers, local conditions and 
students' abilities all vary; (3) that the best results come 
from giving the largest possible freedom and initiative to 
the local teacher, consistent with established principles ; in 
view of these and other good reasons, no two Associations 
will successfully conduct exactly the same courses. How- 
ever, in view of their fundamental character and largely 
accepted use, the topics and outlines given in this book may 
well be woven into, or made the basis of, the local courses, 
which in turn should be expanded and adapted to meet 
local needs. 

How to Use This Book 

Having first discovered a special opportunity or need for 
a course, as Mechanical Drawing, and having learned by 
interviews with employers, foremen, and the young men 
themselves, the particular phases of mechanical drawing 
desired, and having selected the best experienced teacher, — 
then the secretary or educational director carefully goes over 
the outline and suggestions of the subject in this book, 
selects such topics, suggestions, and texts as best meet local 
needs, expands and adapts them to fit the situation in detail, 
and thus is formed the local course in mechanical drawing, 
covering two, three or more years. 

The texts and reference books named under the different 
subjects and courses may be obtained of the Association 
Press with the usual discounts except in the case of net 
publications. 



II. GROUP COURSES 

Increasing interest is being taken in group courses. Each 
includes several closely related and sequential courses tak- 
ing three or four years of day work — about 2,000 hours — ■ 
on the part of younger students, or five or six years of even- 
ing work — from 1,000 to 1,500 hours — on the part of the 
older and more mature students, to improve them in, or fit 
them for, some business or other vocation, or a trade. 

The group course is designed to encourage continuous 
systematic work with a well rounded objective as a goal. 
Much of the day work already includes various adapted 
group courses for boys as well as for men. In commercial 
lines we find the business, boys' preparatory, and office train- 
ing courses. In industrial lines we find the hand tool work, 
practical mechanics, automobile and other courses. In lan- 
guage and academic lines, the college preparatory, regents' 
courses, etc., there is the greatest opportunity for the Asso- 
ciation in its day work to supplement that of the public 
schools by conducting the kinds of practical, vocational and 
other industrial courses to meet the increasing need and de- 
sire of boys dropping out of public schools. They leave 
school for the reason that many of the public school courses 
are not yet adequately adapted to meet present industrial 
and vocational needs. 

This group work, either in day or evening, must be no 
less efficient in meeting the needs of men in manufactures, 
trade and commerce than other similar facilities outside of 
the Association, but also in addition, as shown by experience, 
the best results are obtained when it is related to the physi- 
cal, social, and religious, and conducted with reference to the 
development of Christian manhood. 

The following outlines are the results of the codperation 
of more than thirty successful leaders in evening work 



6 OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY 

among employed men, both in and out of the Association. 
It is assumed that students can write, read, and speak Eng- 
lish with fair accuracy and are familiar with the simple 
elements of arithmetic and business English before begin- 
ning any course. For evening work the courses involve 
from six to eight class sessions per week for six to nine 
months of the year. 

COMMERCIAL COURSE 

To improve men in, or help fit them for, 
general office work. 

1st Year. Elementary business English, commercial 
arithmetic, penmanship, spelling, business correspondence. 

3d Year. Business English, advanced arithmetic, book- 
keeping, commercial geography. 

3d Year. Bookkeeping, English, business law, office 
methods, 

4th Year. Accountancy, office practice, commerce and 

finance. 

SHORTHAND COURSE 

To fit for amanuensis work and 
office correspondence. 

1st Year. Elementary business English, commercial 
arithmetic, penmanship, spelling, business correspondence. 

2d Year. Business English, stenography, business cor- 
respondence, office methods, commercial geography. 

3d Year. Stenography, typewriting, English, office meth- 
ods and practice. 

PRACTICAL MECHANICS 

For apprentices, journeymen and 
other mechanics. 

1st Year. Elementary business English, mechanics' busi- 
ness arithmetic, mechanical drawing. 

2d Year. Business English, mechanical drawing, me- 
chanics' arithmetic, laboratory work, elementary physics. 



GROUP COURSES 7 

3d Year. Shop mathematics, machine drawing, shop 
work, elementary chemistry. 

4th Year, Design, applied mechanics, applied electricity, 
chemistry, shop work. 

ELECTRICAL COURSE 

For electrical workers. 

1st Year. Elementary business English, mechanics' 
business arithmetic, mechanical drawing, elementary physics. 

3d. Year. Business English, electricity, laboratory work, 
algebra, physics. 

3d. Year. Applied electricity, advanced algebra, ele- 
mentary geometry, shop work, chemistry. 

4th. Year. Applied electricity, shop work, shop mathe- 
matics, design. 

PLUMBING 

To improve apprentices and journeymen 
in sanitary plumbing. 

1st Year. Business English, arithmetic, drawing, shop 
work. 

2d Year. Shop work, drawing, mechanics' business 
arithmetic, physics, chemistry. 

3d Year. Shop work, drawing and shop methods, sani- 
tation and ventilation, building laws of the city, rules of 
board of health. 

BOYS' PREPARATORY COURSE 

Arithmetic — Addition, subtraction, multiplication, di- 
vision ; factoring, simple fractions, decimals ; measures of 
time, value, weight, liquid, extension, surface, and volume; 
simple percentage, interest, discount, taxes, simple accounts. 

Business English and Correspondence — Penmanship, 
reading and spelling ; letter writing, including business let- 
ters and papers ; punctuation, capital letters, paragraphing, 
use of dictionary, practice in writing letters from dictation; 
simple sentences, subject, predicate, and modifiers. 



8 OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY 

Geography — Chief divisions of land and water; states, 
provinces, capitals, principal mountains and rivers; climate, 
leading exports of the United States and Canada ; a few 
great trade routes by water and also by rail. 

History and Government — Simple facts, elementary prin- 
ciples ; principal wars, their causes and results ; political par- 
ties, local city government ; growth in population, in com- 
merce, in industry. 

The following is a suggestive program for the work of 
one teacher with 15 or 20 boys three evenings per week. 
The instructor can modify it to suit local needs. As much 
individual help as possible should be given. 

7:30 — 7:45 p.m. — Reading, individually, rarely in con- 
cert. 

7 : 45 — 8 : 00 p. m. — Penmanship, spelling — both writing 
and oral. 

8 : 00 — 8 : 30 p. m. — ^Letter writing, business correspond- 
ence, simple English exercises, dictation of sentences. 

8 : 30 — 9 : 00 p. m. — Business arithmetic and simple ac- 
counts. 

9 : 00 — 9 : 30 p. m. — Drawing one evening per week, 
geography, civics, and history the other two evenings. 

The old-fashioned district school plan of conducting the 
classes is found to work to good advantage. The course is 
usually best adapted to boys 14 to 17 years of age. Ex- 
perience has proved that the group course will be successful 
when properly conducted and adapted to local conditions. 
The introduction and promotion of the group course has 
largely increased the efficiency of all-round boys' work. 

Text and Reference Books. Under the subject courses 
in this book, as arithmetic, English, history, etc., will be 
found text books suggested. Very often some results are 
secured better without than with text books. Emphasis 
should be placed on leading the student to think and reason 



GROUP COURSES 9 

for himself, and then to learn how to find and to use from 
books such help as he needs. 

COLLEGE PREPARATORY 

As its name indicates, this work is to prepare men for 
entrance at secondary and higher institutions of learning, 
and hence will vary according to the different entrance re- 
quirements. It can be taken for granted that mastery of the 
academic subjects is necessary. When there are established 
standards as those set by the local state university as found 
in many states, or like those of the Regents' examinations in 
New York, they will naturally establish the basis of the local 
Associations' effort. 

On the basis of units, to show relative value or importance 
of various subjects in entrance requirements, the following 
essentials for entrance at the University of Michigan is 
suggestive. A student prepared for these can obtain en- 
trance at any technical school, college, or university. Of the 
fifteen units necessary, nine are specified and six are elective. 
The required are : English 3 ; Mathematics (Algebra and 
Geometry) 3 ; Physics 1 ; Latin, French, or German 2. The 
electives are : Greek 2 ; Latin 2 ; German 2 ; French 2 ; 
English Literature, History, Chemistry, Botany, Geology, 
Biology, Physiology, each 1. 

The Chicago Association schedule for College Prepara- 
tory Work, the figures showing periods per week for 40 
weeks in day work, is as follows : First year — Rhetoric 4, 
composition, elementary algebra 5, general history 5, ele- 
mentary French, German, or Latin 5. Second year — Eng- 
lish and literature 4, composition 1, geometry 5, physics and 
laboratory work 7, advanced French, German, or Latin 5, 
mechanical drawing 10. Third year — English and Ameri- 
can classics 4, composition 1, advanced algebra and trigo- 
nometry 5, chemistry and laboratory work 9, American and 
English history 5. 



10 OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY 

The similar work in other large Associations places equal 
emphasis on English, mathematics, science, history, and mod- 
ern languages. The acknowledged authority in all these 
matters is the College Entrance Examination Board, P. O. 
Sub-Station 84, New York City. We advise each secretary 
or educational director planning any work in this subject to 
secure its printed matter. 

Text and Reference Books. Any named in other sections 
and subjects applicable to the work offered, and texts gen- 
erally used in secondary and preparatory schools and 
academies. 

CIVIL SERVICE 

For: Those preparing for civil service examinations, 
either federal, state, or municipal. 

Preparation : Varies with the position sought. 

Experience shows that the instruction should be largely 
individual, suited to the student's particular need and to the 
position he seeks. The requirements of the various civil 
service examinations will determine the nature and quality 
of preparation work to be done. Each student should be 
encouraged to pursue a maximum amount of home study, 
and should be advanced as rapidly as the work will permit. 

Topics : Arithmetic ; fundamental operations, fractions, 
decimals, percentage. English ; reading, spelling, letter 
writing, much drill in dictation and composition. Geogra- 
phy; state boundaries, capitals, large cities, waterways and 
railway systems, outline drawings, reading addresses ; con- 
version of currency, gauging problems, copying from plain 
copy, also from corrected draft. 

Instruction should be adapted to meet a specific civil 
service examination and work should be begun early enough 
— in the summer if necessary — to give ample preparation. 
Text books and courses in the fundamental subjects named 
elsewhere in this pamphlet will be found most helpful. 



III. SUBJECT COURSES 

To help classify the subject courses the following di- 
visions from Association experience are made : 

1. Commercial and Business Subjects. 

2. Social Science Subjects. 

3. Industrial and Technical Subjects. 

4. Machine and Building Trade Subjects. 

5. Language and Academic Subjects. 

6. Agriculture and Rural Science Subjects. 

For Whom 

To facilitate the plans and work of secretaries, directors, 
and teachers there has been placed at the beginning of each 
subject a list of the kinds of men or occupations to which 
the course is more especially applicable. Wherever possi- 
ble, the officers and teachers should study all good evening 
school and supplementary educational work in other insti- 
tutions and Associations. 

Preparation 

Much wasted energy is due to the fact that men are not 
always prepared to successfully carry the course they choose. 
To this end, each course, other than the most elementary, is 
preceded by names of subjects or courses that students 
should have previously mastered. Special emphasis should 
be laid upon : (1) Sequence of subjects as arithmetic before 
bookkeeping, algebra, physics, or electricity, etc. ; English 
before shorthand, bookkeeping, and industrial subjects. 
Students should not be permitted to enter any course unless 
by examination or otherwise they show that they have cov- 
ered the preparatory work and can pursue the course with 
profit. (2) Laying out local courses covering from two to 
five years both in single subjects such as electricity or chem- 



12 OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY 

istry, and in such group subjects as practical mechanics or 
plumbing, aiming at some vocation or trade. 

Text Books 

The movement being of wide area and involving all meth- 
ods of teaching, several text books, instead of one, are sug- 
gested in each subject. These are the ones found in widest 
and most successful use in the various evening schools. The 
educational director or general secretary, in cooperation 
with the teacher, should select the text book, where one is 
used, in which the best results can be accomplished, whether 
such book is mentioned in the list or not. No book should 
be slavishly followed. Further aids will be found in the use 
of the International examination questions from year to 
year. 

Most successful teachers and educational directors obtain 
much help and inspiration for their work in many technical, 
industrial, science, and commercial courses, found in the 
current technical magazines and periodicals. The best of 
these should be on file in the Association reading room. 
Text and reference books for all courses, also technical and 
engineering periodicals, pocket books and trade catalogues 
of large engineering and manufacturing companies, blue 
prints, working drawings, and other forms of printed mat- 
ter and available helps may well be added to the reference 
library. In this connection, Association students also find 
much additional valuable material in public and other refer- 
ence and technical libraries, and the use of all such outside 
privileges is both welcomed and desired. 

Length of Course 

To meet the demands for better trained men Associations 
are extending their courses from fifty to one hundred per 
cent. The average student in Association work ranges from 
14 to 26 years of age, is employed, knows the worth of a 
dollar, usually does his own thinking, and means business. 



SUBJECT COURSES 13 

As such, he can creditably cover in two years of three nights 
per week what the ordinary day student, who is six or eight 
years younger, covers in one school year of six hours per 
day. 

In this book the term season implies at least six months, 
three evenings per week. While some students may cover 
a course in one season, others, because of different abilities 
and training, may require two or three seasons. Experience 
shows that it is not the length of the course that counts, 
but the nature and quality of the work done. Associations 
do not agree to fit men for positions or to pass them through 
any course in a certain time, but rather to offer opportuni- 
ties for training. 

COMMERCIAL AND BUSINESS SUBJECTS 

For agents, clerks, office men, superintendents, and those 
engaged in commerce, banking, trade, transportation, pro- 
fessional, and domestic science vocations. 

To meet the demands for increased quality of service in 
this field, emphasis must be placed upon definite, practical, 
up-to-date, successful experiences and methods of dealing 
with business, commercial, and financial problems. Individ- 
ual instruction should have an increased place, there should 
be a smaller number of men in each class or group, and the 
instruction should be supplemented with much practice work 
on the part of the student. 

Series of practical talks appropriate to commercial, busi- 
ness, and financial problems may well be introduced to sup- 
plement the class and group work. Frequent visits to large 
or model offices, banks, and other commercial enterprises are 
most desirable to study the best customs. Commercial 
clubs of various kinds for research work may also be or- 
ganized to supplement or continue the students' education 
after thev have finished class work. 



14 OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY 

The topics in the following courses are found in the best 
courses in the most successful Associations, small or large. 

COMMERCIAL ARITHMETIC— Two Seasons 

For: Students, clerks, office men, and all who desire a 
knowledge of the elements of practical and commercial 
arithmetic. 

Preparation : Ability to speak and read English. 

Topics : First Season — Fundamental operations ; factor- 
ing, cancellation ; fractions — common and decimal, addition, 
subtraction, multiplication, division, and reduction of frac- 
tions ; compound or denominate numbers ; measures of time, 
value, weight, liquid, length, surface, and volume ; per- 
centage ; profit and loss ; interest ; trade discount ; taxes ; 
such other topics as are usually included in simple commer- 
cial and business arithmetic. 

Topics : Second Season — Review first season's work ; 
insurance — fire and life ; custom house business ; taxes ; 
stocks and bonds ; bank discount ; partial payments ; ratio 
and proportion ; bankruptcy ; square root ; mensuration ; sim- 
ple principles of algebra or literal arithmetic ; metric sys- 
tem; other topics usually included in advanced commercial 
or business arithmetic. 

The following suggestions are emphasized : ( 1 ) Lead 
the student to see a reason for every step and to make 
practical applications of every principle in order to de- 
velop the power of independent thought; (2) principles of 
each topic should be taught by simple problems, do not 
waste time in puzzles ; (3) obsolete topics should be omitted ; 
(4) lead the student to formulate and then learn his own 
rules, after having been made familiar with the processes 
which the rules describe; (5) the student should learn 
principles and definitions in an objective way, or through 
illustrations rather than from definitions in the book. This 



SUBJECT COURSES 15 

inductive process of formulating definitions and principles 
and rules by the student is educationally valuable; (6) some 
of the best educational discipline comes from training in the 
clear and orderly written solutions of problems and pro- 
cesses. Systematic, consecutive thinking develops habits of 
practical value in many lines. 

Text and Reference Books 

Arithmetic for Evening Schools. W. E. Chancellor. (American 
Book Co., New York.) 30 cents. 

Arithmetic. Wentworth. (Ginn & Co., Boston.) 65 cents. 

Commercial Arithmetic. Williams and Rogers. (American Book 
Co., New York.) $1.10. 

Business Arithmetic. (Sadler & Rowe, Baltimore, Md.) 80 cents. 

New Business Arithmetic. (Powers & Lyons, Chicago, 111.) $1.00. 

Commercial Arithmetic. (Goodyear & Marshall, Cedar Rapids, 
la.) $1.00. 

Grammar School Arithmetic. Walsh. (D. C. Heath & Co., Bos- 
ton.) 65 cents. 

Young & Jackson's Arithmetic, Books II. and III. (D. Appleton 
& Co., New York.) 80 cents. 

New Commercial Arithmetic. J. H. Moore. (American Book 
Co., New York.) $1.00. 

Grammar School Arithmetic. Smith. (Ginn & Co., New York.) 
65 cents. 

Business Arithmetic. Williams & Rogers. (American Book Co., 
New York.) 80 cents. 

Everyday Business. M. S. Emery. (Lothrop, Lee & Shepard, 
Boston.) 30 cents. 

MECHANICS' BUSINESS ARITHMETIC— One Season 

For: Technical students, apprentices, mechanics, and 
those in building trades and industries. 

Preparation: Arithmetic, including fractions, business 
English. 

Topics : Review of fractions, compound numbers, deci- 
mals, percentage, and other topics with reference to applica- 
tion in daily life ; formulas ; mensuration, measurements of 



16 OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY 

surfaces, as lumber, land, wood, shingling, plastering, paint- 
ing, and paper-hanging; measurements of solids, as cubes, 
prisms, spheres, cylinders and their parts, relations, surfaces, 
and volumes. 

Text and Reference Books 

School Mensuration. (Longmans, Green & Co., New York.) 35 
cents. 

Mechanics' Arithmetic. Wright. (New England Pub. Co., New 
York.) 25 cents. 

Mensuration. Furst. (Meyers & Co., Harrisburg.) 50 cents. 

Workshop Mathematics. F. C. Castle. (The Macmillan Co., New 
York.) 65 cents. 

Business Arithmetic. (Sadler & Rowe, Baltimore, Md.) 80 cents. 

Business Arithmetic. Williams & Rogers. (American Book Co., 
New York.) 80 cents. 

PENMANSHIP— One Season 

For : All men and boys who cannot write plainly. 

•Preparation : Ability to read. 

Topics : Much practice in securing ability to write a 
plain legible hand ; small letters and capitals ; importance of 
plain handwriting in all kinds of business ; care, accuracy, 
neatness, and dispatch as valuable assets. 

Text and Reference Books 

The numerous copy books on the market, teacher's copy on the 
blackboard and other means are used. 

Modern Penmanship. Mills. (American Book Co., New York.) 
30 cents. 

Budget of Writing Lessons. No. 96. (Sadler, Rowe & Co., Balti- 
more, Md.) 25 cents. 

BUSINESS CORRESPONDENCE— One Season 

For: Commercial and other students, stenographers, 

clerks, correspondents, office men, bookkeepers, mechanics. 

Preparation: Grammar school subjects, penmanship. 



SUBJECT COURSES 17 

reading, speaking, and writing, spelling, simple business 
English. 

Topics : Letter writing, forms and parts of a letter, busi- 
ness letters, special letters, exercises in description, narra- 
tion, and composition, critical reviews and corrections of 
various letters and correspondence. 

Text and Reference Books 

Business Correspondence. Williams and Rogers. (American 
Book Co., New York.) 35 cents. 

Letter Writing. (Practical Text Book Co., Cleveland.) 75 cents. 

Beldings' Commercial Correspondence. (American Book Co., 
New York.) 50 cents. 

Practical Grammar and Correspondence. Williams and Rogers. 
(American Book Co., New York.) 60 cents. 

BOOKKEEPING— Two Seasons 

For : Office men, clerks, students, and others fitting 
themselves for business, or for those who wish to familiarize 
themselves with modern business methods. 

Preparation: Commercial arithmetic, business English, 
penmanship. 

Topics: First Season — Meaning and application of sim- 
ple mercantile terms, as cash-books, drafts, notes, receipts, 
statements, bills, invoices, account-sales, etc. ; simple rules 
and principles for debiting and crediting accounts ; books, 
as check book, bank pass book, day book, journal, cash-book, 
ledger; accounts, as cash, personal, property, bills payable, 
bills receivable, merchandise, expense, labor, interest, which 
show simply a profit or loss ; practice work in opening books, 
journalizing, posting; closing books, trial balances, state- 
ments ; bank dealings, opening bank accounts, deposits, col- 
lections, checks, balancing, proving bank account and cash- 
book. 

Topics : Second Season — Review of first season's work, 
including mercantile terms, rules, principles, and definitions ; 
books including those mentioned in the first season and 



18 OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY 

many other special books for special lines of business ; ac- 
counts under various terms of classification and adapted to 
different lines of business ; business practice, opening set of 
books, journalizing, posting, using various books and differ- 
ent kinds of accounts, involving the numerous commercial, 
manufacturing, industrial and financial business interests ; 
column journal and specially ruled cash-books and ledgers 
for particular lines of business ; closing books ; trial bal- 
ances, statements, inventory, resources, liabilities, net worth, 
balance sheet ; bank dealings, deposits, collections, discounts, 
loans, checks, endorsements ; foreign exchange, imports, 
duties, and exports ; systems for checking postings, proving 
bank pass book and cash-book ; short methods and arrange- 
ments of accounts ; advanced practice, corporation accounts, 
purchase and sales, manufactures, discounts, interest, and 
other complex accounts for profit and loss. 

Text and Reference Books 

Modern Illustrative Bookkeeping. Williams and Rogers. (Ameri- 
can Book Co., New York.) $1.00. 

New Complete Bookkeeping. (Sadler & Rowe, Baltimore, Md.) 

Complete Bookkeeping. (Goodyear & Marshall, Cedar Rapids, la.) 
90 cents. 

New Complete Bookkeeping. Williams and Rogers. (American 
Book Co., New York.) $1.35. 

Practical Bookkeeping. (Practical Text Book Co., Cleveland.) 
$2.25. 

Ellis System of Business. (Ellis Pub. Co., Battle Creek, Mich.) 
$2.25. 

The Complete Accountant. O. M. Powers. (Powers & Lyons, 
Chicago.) $1.60. 

Accounting and Business Practice. Moore and Miner. (Ginn & 
Co., New York.) 80 cents. 

ACCOUNTANCY— Two Seasons 

For: Bookkeepers, managers, cashiers, accountants, and 
others fitting themselves for advanced commercial work and 
public accountant examinations. 



SUBJECT COURSES 19 

Preparation: Arithmetic, business English, bookkeeping, 
business law, history, civics, and practical experience. 

Topics : The differing State Certified Public Accountant's 
requirements should be covered. To do so a thorough ac- 
quaintance with the four divisions is necessary — Commercial 
Law, Theory of Accounts, Practical Accounting, and 
Auditing. 

Commercial Law — The topics in this subject are already 
described on page 22. 

Theory of Accounts — Includes all kinds of accounts with 
individuals, partners, corporations, profits, expenses, sales, 
supplies, personal, and so on; it also includes the various 
books of accounts as ledgers, cash-book, sales book, invoice 
book, bill books, check book, and so on; rules and methods 
in bookkeeping already covered in this pamphlet under that 
subject; corporation accounting, factory accounting, bank- 
ing accounting, railway accounting, business papers and 
statements of all kinds. 

Practical Accounting — Including accounts of various 
kinds as partnership, corporation, manufacturing, insolv- 
ency, foreign . exchange, executors, trustees, and assignees, 
negotiable paper, bonds, and other securities, joint miscel- 
laneous accounts. 

Auditing — Object of an audit and methods of procedure, 
including work preceding trial balance, balance sheet, 
vouchers, bank accounts, etc. ; m.ethods of keeping accounts ; 
procedure in auditing special kinds of accounts; examina- 
tions and investigations. 

Text and Reference Books 

Corporation Accounting and Auditing. Keister. (Burrows Broth- 
ers Co., Cleveland.) $4.00. 

Accountants' and Bookkeepers' Vade Mecum. Whately. (Busi- 
ness Man's Pub. Co., Detroit.) $3.00. 

Accountants' Manual. Seven volumes. (Business Man's Pub. 
Co., Detroit.) $3.00. 



20 OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY 

Auditing. Dicksee. (Business Man's Pub. Co., Detroit.) $5.00. 

Accounting. Rahill. (Business Man's Pub. Co., Detroit.) $4.00. 

Accountants' Guide for Executors. Gottsberger. (Business Man's 
Pub. Co., Detroit.) $5.00. 

C. P. A. Questions and Answers. Tipson. (Business World, 
1 Madison Ave., New York.) $3.00. 

STENOGRAPHY— Two Seasons 

For : Clerks, ofifice men, reporters, stenographers, stu- 
dents, and those preparing themselves for secretarial posi- 
tions. 

Preparation : English, business forms, and correspond- 
ence, spelling, composition, arithmetic. 

Topics : In view of the fact that there are so many sys- 
tems of stenography in which efficient office work and cor- 
respondence is conducted, no single system is selected to the 
disadvantage of the others. Emphasis will be placed on 
dictation, speed tests, and accuracy of transcriptions. Stu- 
dents should be required from the beginning to read back 
all matter taken by them in dictation. Oral and written 
exercises should be given frequently. 

In the second season much time should be devoted to 
thorough drills in writing from dictation, business cor- 
respondence, involving technical expressions relating to in- 
surance, railroading, electricity, legal, and general work; in 
the transcription, special emphasis should be placed on 
accuracy, form, capitalization, punctuation, and expression. 

Text and Reference Books 

Shorthand Instructor. Isaac Pitman. (Isaac Pitman & Sons, 
New York.) $1.50. 

Standard Phonography. A. J. Graham. (A. J. Graham & Co., 
New York.) $1.00. 

The Art of Phonography. J. E. Munson. (G. P. Putnam's Sons, 
New York.) $2.00. 

Manual of Phonography & Reporters' Companion. Benn Pitman 
and Jerome B. Howard. (Phonographic Institute Co., Cincinnati.) 
$2.00. 



SUBJECT COURSES 21 

Manual of Phonography. Heffley. (American Book Co., New 
York.) $1.25. 

Phonetic Shorthand. (W. W. Osgoodby, Rochester, N. Y.) $1.25. 

Brief Course in Pitman Shorthand. Barnes. (A. J. Barnes Pub. 
Co., St. Louis.) $1.25. 

■Shorthand. Gregg. (Gregg Pub. Co., Chicago.) $1.50. 

TYPEWRITING— One Season 

For: Clerks, office men, stenographers, and others fitting 
for complete office work. 

Preparation : Same as for stenography. 

Topics : The demand upon typewriters is becoming more 
and more exacting, requiring increased speed, greater ac- 
curacy, and more intelligence on the part of the operator. 
A more thorough and general training is now necessary for 
successful work. 

Location of letters ; proper fingering and touch ; graded 
exercises in words ; commercial, legal, and legislative 
phrases ; business correspondence ; headings, titles, and ad- 
dresses ; spelling, punctuation, and capitalization ; letters 
and circulars relating to all kinds of transactions ; miscel- 
laneous forms of reports, receipts, and bills; legal forms, 
testimony, and architects' specifications ; miscellaneous ex- 
ercises in writing from dictation; technical expressions and 
abbreviations ; speed exercises ; copying from manuscripts. 
Special care must at all time be given to neatness and 
accuracy. 

Text and Reference Books 

Touch System. C. E. Smith. (Isaac Pitman & Sons, New York.) 
50 cents. 

Manual of Typewriting. (A. J. Barnes, St. Louis, Mo.) $1.00. 

Touch of Typewriting. (Bates Torrey, Boston, Mass.) $1.00. 

Manual of Typewriting. F. S. Humphrey. (Baker & Taylor, 
New York.) $1.50. 

Practical Course in Touch Typewriting. (Isaac Pitman & Sons, 
New York.) 50 cents. 



22 OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY 

Piano Method. Patterson. (N. G. Patterson & Son, Chicago.) 
60 cents. 

BUSINESS AND COMMERCIAL LAW— Two Seasons 

For: Bank clerks, bond salesmen, real estate and insur- 
ance agents, apprentices, prospective law students, and 
business men. 

Preparation: Business English, arithmetic, United States 
history, civics, business experience. 

Topics : First Season : — Law — its definition and object, 
civil and criminal; husband and wife, duties and rights of 
each; parent and child, duties and rights of each; guardian 
and ward; master and servant; contracts — parties to, who 
may make, remedies for breach; agency — general and special, 
when do agents bind their principals and when themselves ; 
sales — difference between sale and exchange, warranty, sales 
C. O. D., statute of frauds; bailments and carriers; insur- 
ance — fire, marine, life, accident, powers of agents; part- 
nership — how formed, powers and liabilities of partners, how 
ended, judgments against; corporations — how formed, rights 
and liabilities of stockholders, power of corporation, dif- 
ferent kinds of bonds and stocks, functions of directors. 

Topics : Second Season : — Property — in general, real and 
personal, estates, in fee simple, homesteads; deeds — parts of 
a deed, execution, delivery, mortgages, deeds of trust, leases ; 
wills — signatures, codicils, probate; guaranty and surety- 
ship — original promise, statute of frauds, extent of obliga- 
tion, enforcement, rights of surety to indemnify; negotiable 
instruments, promissory notes, parties to, liabilities and 
duties of endorser, protests, due bills, bank checks, letters of 
credit, purchase before maturity for value ; crimes and torts, 
treason, felony, false pretenses, robbery, forgery, libel; 
courts — objects, officers, how suits are brought, how prose- 
cuted, how determined, judgment of court, how enforced, 
jury, witness; bankruptcy — who may be adjudged a bank- 



SUBJECT COURSES 23 

rupt, how discharged in bankruptcy, estate, how adminis- 
tered; attachment and garnishment — grounds of, property 
affected, what may be garnished, exemption. 

Text and Reference Books 

Elementary Law. W. C. Robinson. (Little, Brown & Co., 
Boston.) $3.00. 

Commercial Law. Gano. (American Book Co., New York.) 
$1.00. 

Commercial Law. Qark. (Maynard, Merrill & Co., New York.) 
$1.05. 

Business Law. Williams and Rogers. (American Book Co., New 
York.) 80 cents. 

Commercial Law. J. A. Lyons. (Powers & Lyons, Chicago.) 
$1.10. 

Commercial Law. Spencer. (Bobbs, Merrill Co., Indianapolis,) 
$2.00. 

Elements of Business Law. Huff cut. (Ginn & Co., New York.) 
$1.00. 

COMMERCIAL GEOGRAPHY— One Season 

For : Students, office men, clerks, agents, shippers, whole- 
salers, manufacturers, importers, and exporters, and others 
in commercial positions. 

Preparation : A grammar school education or its equiva- 
lent. 

Topics: Dependence of life, agriculture, mining, manu- 
facturing, trade and commerce, on climate, topography, 
population; relation of transportation facilities to commerce 
and their development ; ocean and inland water-ways ; land 
routes; lines of commercial traffic, foreign and domestic; 
location and growth of towns and cities. 

In North America — ^Agriculture, production and market- 
ing of foodstuffs, clothing products, building materials ; 
mining, production and marketing of iron, coal, copper, 
stone ; manufacturing industries, location of plants and pro- 
duction and marketing of products ; development of trade 
and commerce, and methods of operation. 



24 OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY 

In foreign countries — ^Production and exchange of 
products. 

Text and Reference Books 

Commercial Geography. Redway. (Chas. Scribner's Sons, New 
York.) $1.25. 

Commercial Geography. Gannett, Garrison and Houston. (Ameri- 
can Book Co., New York.) $1.25. 

Commercial Geography. Adams. (Appleton & Co., New York.) 
$1.10. 

Geography of Commerce. Trotter. (The M'acmillan Co., New 
York.) $1.10. 

The Man and His Markets. L. W. Hyde. (The Macmillan Co., 
New York.) 50 cents. 

OFFICE BOYS' TRAINING— One Season 

For: Particularly boys in offices, and those who desire 
preparation for this work. 

Topics: Instruction in the fundamentals of business 
arithmetic, spelling, correspondence and penmanship, 
business English and commercial geography. Ele- 
mentary training and much practice in the following: 
Personal carriage ; manners, courtesy and address ; 
care of office appliances ; calls and messages ; use of tele- 
phone and switchboard; receiving customers and visitors; 
letter copying; letter book indexing; letter filing; card in- 
dexing; manifolding and duphcating; mailing; shipping; 
cashier's department ; general office routine. 

Text and Reference Books 
See "Boys' Preparatory Group Course." As much of the work is 
practical there should be an equipment of modern office appliances. 

BUSINESS, COMMERCE AND FINANCE— 

One Season or More for Each Division 

Business Organization and Management 

For : Agents, students, manufacturers, superintendents, 
managers, employers, railroad men, reporters, brokers, 



SUBJECT COURSES 25 

bankers, collectors, credit men, importers, investors, execu- 
tives. 

Preparation : A high school education or its equivalent. 

Topics : Principles in the conduct of general business ; 
purchasing systems ; inventories ; organization of sales and 
distributing departments ; oflfice systems ; advertising ; 
credits ; stocks ; practice work in the examination of actual 
business systems. 

Text and Reference Books 

Introduction to Business Organization. Sparlin. (The Mac- 
millan Co., New York.) $1.25. 

Factory Management. Cook. (Business Man's Pub. Co., Detroit.) 
$3.00. 

Office Organization and Management. Dicksee. (Business Man's 
Pub. Co., Detroit.) $2.00. 

Science of Organization and Business Development. (Robert J. 
Frank, Chicago.) $3.00. 

Technical Journals and Magazines. 



Finance and Investments 

A practical course in financial organization, operation, 
and methods with a study of investment securities ; stocks 
and bonds ; market operations. 

Text and Reference Books 

Corporation Finance. Greene. (Putnam's Sons, New York.) 
$1.25. 

Credit and Its Uses. Prendergast. (Business Man's Pub. Co., 
Detroit.) $2.00. 

Investors' Primer. Moody. (Moody Corporation, New York.) 
$1.00. 

Pitfalls of Speculation. Gibson. (Moody Corporation, New 
York.) $1.00. 

Art of Wall Street Investing. Moody. (Moody Corporation, 
New York.) $1.00. 



26 OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY 

First Lessons in Finance. Cleveland. (D. Appleton & Co., New 
York.) $1.25. 

The Bond Buyer's Dictionary. Nelson. (Moody Pub. Co., New 
York.) $2.00. 

Money and Banking 

The nature and service of money and its relation to 
credits; prices and values; forms of exchange mediums 
together with banking laws and methods ; collections ; com- 
mercial papers; exchange. The elementary principles of 
the subject should be covered before the course is directed 
into special applied lines. 

Text and Reference Books 

Theory and History of Banking. Dunbar. (Putnam's Sons, New 
York.) $1.25. 

Money and the Mechanism of Exchange. Jevons. (D. Apple- 
ton & Co., New York.) $1.75. 

Money and Banking. Scott. (Henry Holt & Co., New York.) 
$2.00. 

Money and Banking. White. (Ginn & Co., New York.) $1.50. 

Importing and Exporting 

A course designed for manufacturers, managers and 
clerks of houses engaged in foreign trade, and should there- 
fore cover the principal topics of national trade policies; 
tariffs ; shipping regulations ; rates of transportation ; foreign 
exchange. 

Covered by lectures, discussions, and readings. Consular 
reports should be examined. 

Text and Reference Books 

Introduction to the Study of Commerce. Clow. (Silver, Burdett 
& Co., New York.) $1.25. 

Tariff History of the United States. Taussig. (Putnam's Sons, 
New York.) $1.25. 

Reciprocity. Laughlin and Willis. (Baker & Taylor Co., New 
York.) $1.25. 

Consular Reports. 



SUBJECT COURSES 27 

Railway Transportation 

A brief survey of the economic and social phases together 
with the economic and geographical factors determining 
methods of transportation; organization and administration 
of passenger and freight departments; classification of 
traffic and rates; methods of handling passengers and 
freight ; lading and shipping orders ; receipt and delivery of 
freight; transfer; records and accounts. 

Text and Reference Books 

American Railway Transportation. Johnson. (D. Appleton & 
Co., New York.) $1.50. 

Railway Economics. Newcomb. (Railway World Pub. Co., 
Philadelphia.) $1.00. 

Theory of Transportation. Cooley. (The Macmillan Co., New 
York.) 75 cents. 

ADVERTISING 

For: Printers, superintendents, students, business men, 
advertising managers, and business promoters. 

Preparation : A high school education or its equivalent 
including English, freehand drawing, and design. 

Topics : The following will be found in the best courses : 
Psychological basis of advertising ; advertising methods and 
mediums, newspapers and periodicals ; mail-order advertis- 
ing ; street car cards ; bill boards and signs ; window display ; 
general printed matter; booklets, pamphlets, bills, folders, 
etc. ; letters, programs, premiums, novelties, etc. ; depart- 
ment store, retail and wholesale advertising; general vs. 
special advertising; principles of display; advertising rates 
and contracts ; advertising records, checks and accounts ; 
advertising costs ; advertising medium ratings ; follow-up 
systems; fake, unprofitable and dangerous advertising; 
preparation of "copy" ; style and expression, grammatical 
composition ; types, cuts, and illustration ; printers' instruc- 
tions ; advertising construction ; proof reading ; the advertis- 



28 OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY 

ing campaign ; relation of advertiser to the "firm" ; duties 
of the advertising manager, agent, soHcitor; requisites and 
necessary equipment of the advertising man. 

Text and Reference Books 

Modern Advertising. Calkins and Holden. (D. Appleton & Co. 
New York.) $1.50. 

Theory of Advertising. Scott. (Small, Maynard & Co., Cam- 
bridge.) $2.00. 

Successful Advertising— How to Accomplish It. MacDonald. 
(Lincoln Pub. Co.) $2.00. 

Building Business. Fowler. (Publicity Pub. Co., Boston.) $1.50. 

Periodicals, Newspapers and Magazine Articles. 

REAL ESTATE 

For: Real estate brokers, investors, operators and all 
others interested in the buying, selling, management and 
other phases of the real estate business. 

Most successful results are realized from a combination 
of a course of lectures by experts and some practice work 
in the handling of real estate. In a few Associations some 
of the practice work includes trips to and inspection of 
suburban property and mock buying and selling of the 
same. 

Topics : The following topics are included in the best 
courses : Real estate problems, including : principles of city 
growth and country development; public utilities and realty 
development; city, suburban, and country prosperity; hous- 
ing and building laws ; real estate valuations and appraisals ; 
taxation and tax rates ; public real estate records ; titles ; 
deeds ; transfers ; abstracts, etc. ; title and fire insurance ; 
mortgage and building loans ; rents and sales ; real estate 
management ; salesmanship ; the real estate business ; rela- 
tion of broker to customer and client ; real estate ethics ; 
rights and duties of the agent. Real estate law, including : 
the definition of real estate property; landlord and tenant; 



SUBJECT COURSES 29 

leases ; repairs ; mutual rights ; evictions ; notice, etc. ; 
rights and liabilities of property owners ; easements and re- 
strictions ; contracts ; mortgages and other liens ; methods of 
acquirement and conveyancing ; tax titles ; powers of attor- 
ney ; wills ; encroachments ; conditional sales, etc. Office 
management, including : organization and routine ; records 
and information data ; listing of properties for rent or sale ; 
advertising; clients and customers, how to get them and 
keep them; marketing property; making a deal, drawing 
papers, closing titles ; real estate exchange. 

Text and Reference Books 

Guide to Buyers and Sellers of Real Estate. Van Sicklen. 
(Record and Guide, New York.) $1.00. 

How to Buy and Sell Real Estate at a Profit. Carney. (Business 
Man's Publishing Co., Detroit.) $2.00. 

SALESMANSHIP— One Season 

For : Clerks, salesmen, solicitors, dealers, agents, and 
business men. 

Preparation : A high school course or its equivalent. 

The character of the course depends largely upon the in- 
dividual instructor. The following outline is so arranged 
that it may be adapted to meet circumstances. The work 
will be divided between lectures and laboratory work pro- 
gressing from the "approach" to the culmination of the sale. 

Topics : Relation of character to salesmanship ; develop- 
ment of personality — habits, carriage of the body, dress, in- 
flection of the voice, tact, self-control, courtesy; conduct 
and service — relations with customers ; basis of selling — 
knowledge of the goods, knowledge of human nature, care 
and handling of stock; the approach — obtaining attention; 
practical demonstration — display of goods, selling argu- 
ments and persuasion ; closing the sale ; business systems of 
payment and collection ; preservation of customers' interests. 



30 OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY 

Text and Reference Books 
Valuable suggestions may be received by addressing the educa- 
tional directors conducting the courses. 

CARE OF BUILDINGS— One Season 

For: Building superintendents, owners, agents, janitors, 
and care-takers. 

Preparation: A grammar school training or its equiva- 
lent. 

Apartment houses, hotels, office, school, factory and in- 
stitute buildings are increasing at an astonishing rate in 
number, size and details in all large cities. The care of 
these properties calls for the expenditure of many thousands 
of dollars annually. Brains count as well as muscle in 
keeping a building clean and in good repair. 

Topics : Principles of efficient service ; relation to reputa- 
tion and value of property served; economy and waste; 
tools — their selection, use and care ; soaps and powders — uses 
and cost; floors — kinds, finishing and care; metals — kinds 
and care; marble, glass, and tile — methods of cleaning, polish- 
ing and caring for the same ; rugs — cleaning, care and use ; 
toilets — care, cleaning, ventilation and sanitation ; insects, 
vermin and pests — methods of extermination; heating sys- 
tems and principles ; water — hot and cold, leaks, wastes and 
care of faucets ; lighting — ^kinds, use and care, efficiency and 
economy; tennis courts and athletic fields — ^kinds, care and 
use ; lawns — ^preparation and care, seed, sod, etc. ; flower 
beds ; lawn mowers and sprinklers ; miscellaneous — paints, 
varnishes, reading meters, stoves, electric bells, repairs, city 
laws relating to crowding in rooms, care of sidewalks, board 
of health regulations, house cleaning, and dusting ; relation- 
ships — to owners, superintendents, tenants, assistants; rent- 
ing of apartments and etiquette of janitor service. 
Text and Reference Books 

Available and adaptable texts of the other courses. 



SUBJECT COURSES 31 

JOURNALISM 

For: Reporters, prospective newspaper men, and those 
desiring knowledge and practice in news-gathering, journal- 
istic writing and the general newspaper business. 

Preparation : A high school education or its equivalent, 
including history and civics, elementary economics and 
political economy. 

Topics : Analysis of requirements of newspaper men ; 
news-gathering; interviewing; city and managing editors; 
department pages; the city desk; the telegraph desk; car- 
toons and illustrations; make-up; advertising; circulation 
department; business department; news and special stories; 
editorials ; the pressroom ; mailing department. 

These and other topics may be covered carefully by lec- 
tures. These supplemented by actual work of the students 
in news-gathering and writing, lead and head writing, spe- 
cial stories, dummy make-up and editing; concluding with 
an organization of the class into a newspaper "staff" and 
the editing of a practice "edition." 

Text and Reference Books 

Making a Newspaper. J. La P. Givens. (Henry Holt & Co.) 
$L50. 

SOCIAL SCIENCE SUBJECTS 

HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES— One Season 

For: All men and boys. 

■Preparation: English, geography, arithmetic. 

Topics: Discoveries (1000-1600) — Spanish, French, 
Enghsh, Dutch, Northmen; colonization (1600-1763)— 
Spanish, French, Dutch, English; colonial wars (1688- 
1763) — King William's, Queen Anne's, King George's, 
French and Indian; the Revolution (1763-1789) — causes 
and beginnings (1763-1776), government of the colonies. 



32 OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY 

conduct of the war, treaty of peace, territorial extent of the 
colonies ; contest between doctrines of state rights and cen- 
tral authority (1789-1865) — establishment of national au- 
thority (1789-1801), establishment of a national democracy 
(1801-1841), slavery agitation (1841-1860), civil war and 
its results (1860-1865) ; national development (1865-1898) ; 
United States a world power (1898 to date). 

Text and Reference Books 

School History of the United States. McMaster. (American 
Book Co., New York.) $1.00. 

Students' American History. Montgomery. (Ginn & Co., New 
York.) $1.40. 

New Century History of the United States. Eggleston. (Ameri- 
can Book Co., New York.) $1.00. 

History of the United States. Adams and Trent. (AUyn & 
Bacon, Boston.) $1.50. 

History of the United States. Fiske. (Houghton, Mififlin & Co., 
Boston.) $1.00. 

History of the American Nation. McLaughlin. (Appleton & Co., 
New York.) $1.40. 

MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT— One Season 

For: All men and boys. 

Preparation: Grammar school education or its equiva- 
lent. 

Topics : Fundamental ideas of government ; city govern- 
ment; city charter, its provisions and why necessary; the 
city and public safety ; the city as a business corporation ; 
the city and education ; municipal finances ; charities and 
corrections ; relation of city government to state legislature, 
and to state constitution ; duties of citizenship ; political par- 
ties, their policies and methods. 

Text and Reference Books 

Politics for Young Americans. Nordhoff. (American Book Co., 
New York.) 75 cents. 
American Citizen. Dole. (D. C. Heath & Co., Boston.) 80 cents. 



SUBJECT COURSES 33 

A Study of City Government. Wilcox. (The Macmillan Co., 
New York.) $1.25. 

Citizenship in the United States. Sherman. (American Citizen- 
ship League, 156 Fifth Avenue, New York.) 25 cents. 

ECONOMICS— One Season 

For : Students, business and newspaper men, and leaders 
of thought and public opinion. 

Preparation : United States history, general history, civil 
government, business law. 

Topics : Fundamental ideas of economics, right of prop- 
erty, wealth, economic evolution of the race, production of 
wealth, capital and labor and their cooperation, consumption, 
just distribution of rewards, wage theories, rent, ownership 
in land, taxation, socialism, exchange, value and price, mar- 
ket value, monopolies, money, credit systems, banking sys- 
tems, clearing houses, international trade, free trade and 
protection, trusts and trust problems. 

Text and Reference Books 

Economics. Hadley. (Putnam's Sons, New York.) $2.50. 

Introduction to Economics. Seager. (Henry Holt & Co., New 
York.) $2.00. 

Political Economy. Laughlin. (American Book Co., New York.) 
$1.20. 

Outlines of Economics. Ely. (The Macmillan Co., New York.) 
$1.25. 

Wealth and Progress. Gunton. (Appleton & Co., New York.) 
$1.00. 

Distribution of Wealth. Carver. (The Macmillan Co., New 
York.) $1.50. 

Outlines of Social Economics. Gunton and Robbins. (Appleton 
& Co., New York.) 75 cents. 

ETHICS— One Season 

For : Men who have had at least the equivalent of a high 
school training. 



34 OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY 

Topics: Fundamental ideas of the subject; psychological 
basis of ethics ; physical nature of man ; psychical nature of 
man; moral consciousness; law of duty — the Hebrew ideal 
of duty, the Epicurean, the Stoic, the Christian; motives — 
egoistic, altruistic, of justice, of mercy, social duties, per- 
sonal duties ; virtue ; relation of ethics to Christianity. 

Text and Reference Books 

Elementary Ethics. Steele. (H. Sibley, Detroit, Mich.) $1.00. 
Introduction to Ethics. Murray. (DeWolfe, Fiske & Co., Boston.) 
$1.50. 

SOCIOLOGY— One Season 

For : Men who have had at least a high school course. 

Topics: Basal ideas; origin and scope of subject; land 
and its population ; the family, its nature and history ; tribal 
relations and problems; the state, its idea, development and 
its problems ; the school and its problems ; the church, its 
idea, unity and worship ; social problems ; institutions, chari- 
table, benevolent, and reformatory ; morality and law ; social 
consciousness; relation of sociology to social reform. 

Text and Reference Books 

Elements of Sociology. Giddings. (The Macmillan Co., New 
York.) $1.10. 

Divine Order of Human Society. Thompson. (John D. Wattles.) 
$1.00. 

Introduction to the Study of Society. Small and Vincent. 
(American Book Co., New York.) $1.80. 

CIVICS— One Season 

For : Men who have had at least a grammar school edu- 
cation. 

Topics : Fundamental principles of government ; classi- 
fications of governments ; source of American institutions ; 
the Revolutionary government, the state governments ; the 
federal constitution; the legislative, executive and judicial 



SUBJECT COURSES 35 

divisions, their composition, duties and powers ; the states and 
territories ; general provisions ; amendments ; elementary 
principles of international law, of municipal law. 

Text and Reference Books 

Civics. Boynton. (Ginn & Co., New York.) 25 cents. 

Civics. Hoxie. (American Book Co., New York.) $1.00. 

Government in State and Nation. James and Sanford. (Scrib- 
ner's Sons, New York.) $1.00. 

Government : Its Origin, Growth, and Form in the United States. 
Lansing and Jones. (Silver, Burdett & Co., New York.) $1.05. 

Civil Government in the United States. John Fiske. (Houghton, 
Mifflin & Co., New York.) $1.00. 

Civics. Sherman. (The Macmillan Co., New York.) 90 cents. 

Our Government. Macy. (Ginn & Co., New York.) 75 cents. 

INDUSTRIAL AND TECHNICAL SUBJECTS 

For apprentices, journeymen, draftsmen, superintendents, 
foremen, managers, and others connected with manufactur- 
ing and industrial work. 

In the Association more attention than ever is now given 
to industrial education and vocational training, first, be- 
cause of the greater demand for high quality of service and 
increased efficiency to meet industrial and manufacturing 
needs; second, because present public educational facilities 
fall far short of supplying this need. Industry and manu- 
facture have developed far more rapidly than have the edu- 
cational facilities and training for men connected with them. 

In this industrial and technical work the Association 
should place increasing emphasis on the appropriate mathe- 
matics, drawing, physics, chemistry, shop practice and 
laboratory work as applied to each of the principal occupa- 
tions and useful arts. Some of this work is now being 
done in the daytime as well as in the evening. A good deal 
of shop work may well be done, and is already being con- 
ducted, outside the Association in connection with local 



36 OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY 

manufacturing plants, thus making the individual training 
more practical and cooperation with industry and manufac- 
ture more complete. From this cooperation there is already 
resulting not only many classes for apprentices, but also a 
few apprentice schools in the interests of both the men and 
the industry. 

The topics mentioned in the following outlines are found 
in all the best courses in the most successful Associations. 
In addition to the text and reference books mentioned, 
teachers will find most excellent helps in the science, indus- 
trial and engineering periodicals found in the reading room ; 
as "Scientific American Supplement," $5.00 ; "Power," $3.00; 
"Street Railway Journal," $3.00; "Engineering Review," 
$1.00 ; "The Wood Worker," $1.00 ; "Carpentry and Build- 
ing," $1.00, etc. New problems, discussions and inventions 
there described will afford the often needed stimulus to hold 
attention. Trade catalogues, obtained free of charge, in 
numbers sufficient to supply each student, will be helpful. 

Topics that do not find continued application in practical 
shop or trade work are omitted. Much shop practice should 
be used in applying the principles. Whenever possible the 
actual local blue prints, shop formula and shop methods 
should be incorporated into the course of instruction. 

FREEHAND DRAWING— Two Seasons 

For: Apprentices, draftsmen, lithographers, illustrators, 
students and others engaged in work in which a knowledge 
of freehand drawing will be of value. 

Preparation : A grammar school course or its equivalent. 

Material: Paper, smooth, and with a slight and even 
grain. Pencils, medium black, smooth in quality, sharpened 
to make a broad, even, and expressive line. 

Topics : First Season — Simple freehand perspective, 
drawing in outline from models, objects, casts and nature, 
and from good examples of historic ornament. Emphasis 



SUBJECT COURSES 37 

to be placed on free and correct drawing in outline of 
groups of cylindric and rectangular objects, and on simple 
Egyptian, Greek, and Roman ornaments. The following 
details of study have been found very helpful: (1) The 
appearance of the circle as an ellipse, using an upright cylin- 
der or cylindric object above and below the eye; the cone 
above and below the eye; spouts and handles; the appear- 
ance of ornament upon cylindric and rectangular objects. 

(2) A closed book below the eye with its back parallel with 
the picture plane ; an open book below the eye with its ends 
parallel with the picture plane ; a closed book below the eye 
with its horizontal edges turned at angles of 30 and 60 de- 
grees; an open book in the same position; two books, one 
on the other, turned at different angles ; a book grouped with 
a cylindric object; two books grouped with one or more 
cylindric objects. (3) Light-and-shade drawing in pencil 
or charcoal. The following objects have been most help- 
fully studied in reference to high light, shade, shadow, re- 
flected light, and effect on object of its background: Cylin- 
der; cylindric object of color; sphere; spherical object of 
color; cube, or rectangular block; book and cylindrical ob- 
ject grouped; group of fruit. (4) Ornament. Drawing of 
simple examples of Egyptian, Greek, and Roman styles. 

Topics : Second Season — Further practice in freehand 
perspective as illustrated in the appearance of objects, as 
follows: (1) A house from chart or blackboard, as a class 
exercise ; details of house, steps, chimney, porch, piazza, ell, 
dormer window ; a house in outline from photograph or ob- 
ject; an interior from chart or blackboard as a class exer- 
cise; an interior from a room; a chair or other furniture 
from object; part of a staircase; a clock or other detail of 
interior furnishing. (2) Cast drawing, in charcoal or pencil, 
showing light and shade; ornament; block heads, masks, 
hands, feet, busts, full length jfigure; sketching from life. 

(3) Ornament — simple examples of Saracenic, Byzantine, 



38 OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY 

Romanesque, and Gothic ornament. (4) Design for special 
object — poster, calendar, book cover. International certifi- 
cate, register, tile, wall paper, printed cloths, etc. 

Examination and Thesis Drawings. In the elementary 
examination special emphasis will be placed upon drawing 
in outline, while the examination for the second season's 
work will include outline, light-and-shade drawing, drawing 
of ornament, and a thesis. Before taking the examina- 
tion in the advanced or second season's work, in freehand 
drawing, each student must have finished some time during 
the three months preceding the examination three thesis 
drawings on three sheets of paper 8 x 11 inches, as follows : 

First Sheet — A freehand perspective outline drawing of 
an interior of a room, showing furniture and objects on 
floor and wall, or a portion of a house or other building, 
showing steps, chimney, porch or piazza. Second Sheet — A 
light-and-shade drawing from a cast, either ornament or the 
antique, or from a group of objects. Third Sheet — ^A 
drawing of an ornament or an applied design for some 
object named above. No advanced examination returns 
hereafter can be accepted unless accompanied with the stu- 
dent's thesis drawings, which may be retained by the In- 
ternational Committee. 

Text and Reference Books 

Teachers' Manual, Part 4, Prang's Complete Course. (Prang 
Educational Co., New York.) 75 cents. 

The Essentials of Perspective. L. W. Miller. (Scribner's Sons, 
New York.) $1.50. 

Lessons in Decorative Design. F. G. Jackson. (Scribner's Sons, 
New York.) $2.00. 

Sheets of Historic Ornament. (Prang Educational Co., New 
York.) 15 cents each; $10.95 for the set. 

The Human Figure. J. H. Vanderpoel. (The Inland Printer Co., 
Chicago.) 

Freehand Perspective. D. M. Horton. (Pratt Institute, Brooklyn, 
New York.) 



SUBJECT COURSES 39 

INDUSTRIAL DESIGN— One Season 

For: Decorators, artists, stone cutters, terra cotta work- 
ers, designers, cartoonists, silversmiths, iron workers, stu- 
dents, and those engaged in the rendering of ornament in 
the flat or the round. 

Preparation : Much preliminary practice in general free- 
hand drawing, light-and-shade drawing, elementary design, 
styles of historic ornament, animal and plant form from na- 
ture. Principles of composition in construction and decora- 
tive design ; arrangement of units and of conventional plant 
forms to fill given spaces, or for borders and surface pat- 
terns. Special courses for the illustrator, wall decorator, 
costume designer, or cartoonist, may well follow. 

Text and Reference Books 

Bases of Design. Crane. (The Macmillan Co., New York.) 
$1.25. 

Ornament and Its Application. Day. (Scribner's Sons, New 
York.) $3.25. 

Studies in Plant Form. Lilley & Midgley. (Scribner's Sons, 
New York.) $2.00. 

Lessons in Decorative Design. Jackson. (Scribner's Sons, New 
York) $2.00. 

Periodicals : The Craftsman ; The International Studio. 

CLAY MODELING— One Season 

For: Draftsmen, students, artists, wood and stone 
carvers, and those engaged in the practice of applied 
ornament. 

Preparation : The same as for industrial design. Indus- 
trial design may well accompany modeling. 

Topics: Modeling of leaves, flowers, and fruit from 
casts; modeling of ornament in different styles; studies of 
capitals, panels, spandrels, festoons, friezes, wreaths; com- 
position and design for ornament ; parts of the human figure 
and animal forms as used in decorative work. 



40 OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY 

Text and Reference Books 

The Technique of Sculpture. W. O. Partridge. (Ginn & Co., New 

York.) 
ModeHng. E. Lanteri. (Chapman & Hall, London.) 
The Human Figure. J. H. Vanderpoel. (The Inland Printer Co., 

Chicago.) 

ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING— Two Seasons 

For: Prospective draftsmen, students, apprentices, and 
journeymen in the building trades, and those in architects' 
offices. 

Preparation : A grammar school course or its equivalent, 
including business English, freehand drawing, and mechan- 
ics' business arithmetic. 

Topics : First Season — Drawing materials, their use and 
care; practice with ruling pen; section-lining and cross- 
hatching; projections; front, top, side view and sections of 
solids occuring most frequently in architecture; develop- 
ments and intersections of surfaces and solids ; scale draw- 
ings, in plan, elevation and section, of small buildings (as a 
two-room cottage, a bam, a small chapel), showing win- 
dows, fireplaces, stairs and railings, and thickness of walls, 
roofs and floors ; elementary details of construction, as bond- 
ing of masonry and brickwork, framing details of sill and 
water table, or eaves, floors, windows, and doors; practice 
in freehand drawing, and simple lettering. As early as 
possible in the coiirse introduce practical examples relating 
to the daily life of students. Too much formal drawing of 
the kind apparently unrelated to the study of architecture 
will result in a loss of interest. 

Topics: Second Season — Working plans and elevations 
to ^-inch and ^-inch scale, of a frame house and of a 
brick house; tracings on cloth; working up scale drawings 
from freehand sketches or from dictation; building details, 



SUBJECT COURSES 41 

as framing in wood, masonry, and brickwork, framing and 
finish of doors, windows, fireplaces, roofs, stairs, full size 
and to 1-inch scale; architectural elements as typical forms 
of doors, windows, roofs, balustrades, vaults, and ceilings; 
the general design and proportions of the Tuscan, Doric, 
Ionic and Corinthian orders ; columns, pilasters, pediments, 
and arches. Questions on the orders of architecture may 
well form a part of each International examination. Free- 
hand sketches of architectural ornament and decorative de- 
tail ; practical lettering. 

Examination and Thesis Drawings. Each student before 
taking the examination of the second season, should have 
prepared thesis drawings of some simple building or piece 
of construction, — as an exterior, or a floor plan, of a bunga- 
low, a two-story cottage, a library building, a porch, a tomb, 
or other simple edifice. Such drawing is to be finished in ink 
and on paper 8 x 11 inches in size, or a multiple of such size, 
in order that it may be folded and sent with the examination 
package. Thesis drawings must be the entire work of the 
student, completed some time during the three months pre- 
ceding the examination, and may be retained by the Interna- 
tional Committee. Hereafter, no examination in archi- 
tectural drawing (second season) can be accepted without 
the student's thesis drawing accompanying the examination 
paper, the same as is. the case in mechanical and freehand 
drawing. 

Text and Reference Books 

Architectural Drawing. C. F. Edminster. Pratt Institute, 
Brooklyn, N. Y. (Published by the Author.) $2.00. 

Practical Lessons in Architectural Drawing. Tuthill. (W. I. 
Comstock, New York.) $2.50. 

Babcock's Elementary Architecture. (American Book Co., New 
York.) $3.25. 

Building Construction and Drawing. C. F. Mitchell. (The 
Polytechnic, Regent Street, London.) 



42 OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY 

Ware's American Vignola, Parts I. and II. (I. C. S., Scranton, 
Pa.) 

Details of Building Construction. Martin. (Bates & Guild Co., 
Boston.) $2.00. 

Architectural Shades and Shadows. McGoodwin. (Bates & 
Guild Co., Boston.) $2.00. 

History of Architecture. Fletcher. (Chas. Scribner's Sons, New 
York.) $6.00. 

PLAN READING AND ESTIMATING— One Season 

For : Contractors, builders, foremen, plumbers, steam fit- 
ters, superintendents, and those desiring ability to read plans 
and make estimates from them. 

Preparation: A high school course or its equivalent is 
desirable. 

Topics : Interpretations of working drawings, specifica- 
tions, plans and details ; methods of taking off and listing of 
quantities ; types of buildings ; relation of owner, architect 
and builder; building materials and their handling; cost 
estimating; laying out of work; building superintendence, 
collections. 

Text and Reference Books 

Building Plans, Blue Prints, Building Specifications. 

Estimating Frame and Brick Houses. Hodgson. (David Wil- 
liams Co., New York.) $1.00. 

Specifications for Building Works and How to Write Them. 
Farrow. (The Macmillan Co., New York.) $1.10. 

Modern Estimator and Contractors' Guide. F. T. Hodgson. 
(F. J. Drake & Co., Chicago.) $1.50. 

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION— Two Seasons 

For: Architects, contractors, builders, superintendents, 
estimators, and those engaged in building trades. 

Preparation: The same as for Plan Reading and Esti- 
mating. 

Topics: Excavating; shoring and underpinning; laying 



SUBJECT COURSES 43 

out work; masonry; cut stone; mortars, cement and con- 
crete; structural steel; carpentry, lumber and mill work; 
plastering and tiling ; hardware and ornamental iron ; plumb- 
ing ; heating, lighting, and ventilating. 

Text and Reference Books 

Masonry Construction. Baker. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) 
$5.00. 

Structural Mechanics. Greene. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) 
$2.50. 

Hand Books of the Carnegie and other Steel Companies. 

Materials of Construction. Johnson. (John Wiley & Sons, New 
York.) $6.00. 

Cements, Limes and Plasters. Eckel. (John Wiley & Sons, New 
York.) $6.00. 

Details of Building Construction. Martin. (Bates & Guild Co., 
Boston.) $2.00. 

Ordinary Foundations. Fowler. (John Wiley & Sons, New 
York.) $3.50. 

Hand Book for Superintendents of Construction, Architects, 
Builders and Building Inspectors. Rickey. (John Wiley & Sons, 
New York.) $4.00. 

Kidder's Hand Book. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) $5.00. 

Kidder's Building Superintendence, Vols. I. and H. (John Wiley 
& Sons, New York.) $5.00. 

MASONRY CONSTRUCTION— One Season 

For : City engineers, builders, and contractors. 

Preparation : Mathematics, drawing, applied mechanics, 
physics, and chemistry. 

Topics : Study of buildings and engineering structures 
in stone, concrete, and brick ; the use of limes, cements, mor- 
tars, and concrete in structures ; reinforced concrete and its 
advantages ; design and methods of construction of piers, 
foundations, retaining walls, dams, and reservoirs. 

Text and Reference Books 

Masonry Construction. Baker. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) 
$5.00. 



44 OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY 

Reinforced Concrete Construction. Tumeaure-Maurer. (John 
Wiley & Sons, New York.) $3.00. 

Trade Journals contain most helpful information about reinforced 
concrete. 

STRUCTURAL WORK IN STEEL— Two Seasons 

For: Students, architects, contractors, and builders, 
building superintendents, and those engaged in drawing or 
executing plans for steel buildings, roofs, bridges, trusses, 
etc. 

Preparation: A high school training or its equivalent, 
including architectural drawing, elements of physics and 
chemistry, metallurgy, shop mathematics. 

Topics : Elementary mechanics, laws of equilibrium, 
parallelogram of forces, stress diagrams, loads; materials 
used in construction ; strength of materials ; formulas ; bend- 
ing moments ; deflection ; tension ; moments of inertia ; loads 
in structures ; details of construction ; design and calculation 
of column and column-base sizes ; splices ; roof -truss design ; 
wind bracing; general building foundations and footings; 
specifications ; special designs and calculations. 

For pattern and template makers and workers in the fabri- 
cation of structural steel, the following topics have been most 
successfully used : — 

Details for template shop ; mill and erection ; scales used ; 
sketch sheets ; rolled sections, built-up sections, properties of 
sections and the use of hand books ; gauge lines and standard 
connections. Plate girders, columns and trusses; working 
dimensions, splices and stiffeners; rivet spacing, shop and 
field values for connections. Shipping details, bill of ma- 
terials, estimate of weight, shop marking. 

Text and Reference Books 

Architectural Iron and Steel. Birkmire. (John Wiley & Sons, 
New York.) $3.50. 

Skeleton Construction in Buildings. Birkmire. (John Wiley & 
Sons, New York.) $3.00. 



SUBJECT COURSES 45 

Planning and Construction of High Office Buildings. Birkmire. 
(John Wiley & Sons, New York.) $3.50. 

Architectural Engineering. Freitag. (John Wiley & Sons, New 
York.) $3.50. 

Steel. Metcalf. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) $2.00. 

Materials of Engineering, Part II. Iron and Steel. Thurston. 
(John Wiley & Sons, New York.) $3.50. 

Strength of Materials. Merriman. (John Wiley & Sons, New 
York.) $1.00. 

Various Trade Catalogues with tables and formulas. 

MECHANICAL DRAWING— Two Seasons 

For: Apprentices, journeymen, machinists, mechanics, 
pattern makers, engineers, firemen, electricians, students and 
others wishing to quaHfy for positions as draftsmen, as well 
as those who desire to know the language of their trade. 

Preparation: A grammar school training or its equiva- 
lent, including arithmetic, freehand drawing, the elements of 
physics, penmanship. 

Topics : First Season — Drawing instruments, their use 
and care; simple projection, including front, top, and side 
views of rectangular solids with dimensions ; working draw- 
ings of simple objects, as of wood joints; development of 
simple surfaces, plane and curved ; patterns ; screw threads, 
true and conventional, bolts and nuts ; freehand dimensioned 
sketches of simple objects and parts of machines; working 
drawings of machine details, full size and to scale, as pulleys, 
sheaves, clamps, pipe elbows, tees, wrenches, couplings, and 
others through a large range of machine details ; practice in 
lettering. 

Care should be taken to present typical construction forms. 
Working drawings from the first should contain all dimen- 
sions necessary to show facts of form. The work of first 
season should be mainly in pencil. That of the second sea- 
son should be finished in ink. 

Topics : Second Season — Working drawings of machine 



46 , OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY 

details as lifting jack, hangers, pillow-block, etc., with di- 
mensioned sketches ; inking and tracing in ink ; full set of 
working drawings of a complete simple machine ready for 
the shop, as a bench lathe or small engine. 

No copying of plates or drawings should be permitted ex- 
cept as tracings. Increasing emphasis is placed on drawing 
from the object or model itself. It is desirable that little or 
no work in geometrical problems be given. Appeal to the 
student's interest from the beginning by drawing from ob- 
jects which relate to his trade. Do not tire him out with 
meaningless sheets. Freehand fully dimensioned sketches 
made by the student should form the basis of working draw- 
ings. By means of talks illustrated with models, specimens, 
or blackboard sketches, the teacher should lead the student 
to a knowledge of the strength of materials used, the simple 
mechanical principles involved, the workshop processes em- 
ployed, and the accepted method of construction in the 
various models or parts of the machines drawn. 

Examination and Thesis Drawings. The student's work 
in the second season's examination must be accompanied by 
thesis drawings of some simple machine or piece of mechan- 
ism. The assembly of the same is to be on one sheet and the 
complete working drawings of at least one quarter of this 
machine on a second sheet. Tracings of these two sheets, not 
the originals as these are not returned, must be sent with the 
examination paper. All of this thesis work — design, meas- 
urements, sketches, inking, lettering — must be entirely that 
of the student and not of the teacher, and must be finished 
some time during the three months preceding the ex- 
amination. 

Text and Reference Books 

A Course in Mechanical Drawing. L. Rouillion. (Prang Educa- 
tional Co., New York.) $1.25. 

Elements of Mechanical Drawing, Parts I. and II. Anthony. 
(D. C. Heath & Co., Boston.) $1.50. 



SUBJECT COURSES 47 

Elements of Machine Drawing, Part III. Anthony. (D. C. 
Heath & Co., Boston.) $1.50. 

Mechanical Drawing. C. F. Jackson. (Lippincott & Co., Phila- 
delphia.) $1.50. 

Notes on Mechanical Drawing. Mathewson. (Published by 
Author, Springfield, Mass.) $1.25. 

Manual of Mechanical Drawing. Johnston. (Williams Co., New 
York.) $2.00. 

Mechanical Drawing. J. G. Tracy. (American Book Co., New 
York.) $1.80. 

Mechanical Drawing. MacCord. (John Wiley & Sons, New 
York.) $4.00. 

Elements of Mechanical Drawing. Jamison. (John Wiley & Sons, 
New York.) $2.50. 



BLUE PRINT READING— One Season 

For: Apprentices, shop men, machinists, journeymen, and 
others engaged in machine shop work who through a short 
course desire to learn how to read drawings rather than to 
make complete drawings. 

Preparation: Arithmetic, reading, writing, spelling. 

Topics : Familiarity with the nature and making of blue 
prints from drawings; meaning of simple projection as top 
view, side or front view, end view of object or piece of 
machine ; interpretation of simple drawings ; much practice 
on simple sketches of projections to insure the meaning of 
blue prints. The student must know how, from the blue 
print, to really see and intelligently describe objects and parts 
of objects and machines in their proper relations. Explana- 
tion by the teacher of chemical principles of blue printing. 

Text and Reference Books 

Mechanical Drawing Text Books. Blue prints and working 
drawings from local shops and drawing rooms. (The teacher 
should have a wealth of such material on hand.) 

Blue Print and its Variations; Photo Miniatures. 

Drafting Books. 



48 OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY 

MACHINE DESIGN— Two Seasons 

For : Students, draftsmen, machinists, engineers, appren- 
tices, inventors, superintendents, and others. 

Preparation : The equivalent of a high school course, in- 
cluding physics, chemistry, shop mathematics, mechanical 
and freehand drawing, strength of materials, mechanism. 

Topics : Designs of simple machine parts, such as a pulley 
or a shaft coupling ; designs involving more machine construc- 
tion such as a lathe or planer chuck, a globe valve or a screw- 
jack, with or without ball bearings ; designs and problems in- 
volving the use of cams, gears, eccentrics, toggle joints, etc. ; 
designs and problems illustrating the principles of strength 
and resistance of materials, such as the thickness of shell in 
steam boilers, riveted joints proportioned to resist shearing 
and tearing, the strength and stiffness of beams and other 
problems involving the tensile, compressive and shearing 
strength of different materials ; designs and problems illus- 
trating mechanical transmission of power, such as the proper 
widths of belts, and the diameter of shafts to transmit the 
given horse power, proper length and diameter of bearing 
under different working conditions. 

Text and Reference Books 

Manual of Machine Drawing and Design. Low and Bevis. 
(Longmans, Green & Co., New York.) $2.50. 

Elements of Machine Design. Unwin. (Longmans, Green & 
Co., New York.) $2.00. 

Elements of Machine Design. Klein. (Moravian Pub. Con- 
cern, Bethlehem, Pa.) $6.00. 

Elementary Machine Design. Smith and Marx. (John Wiley & 
Sons, New York.) $3.00. 

Elements of Mechanism. Stahl & Wood. (D. Van Nostrand Co., 
New York.) $2.00. 

Strength of Materials. Merriman. (John Wiley & Sons, New 
York.) $1.00. 

Lessons in Applied Mechanics. Cotterill and Slade. (The Mac- 
millan Co., New York.) $L25. 



SUBJECT COURSES 49 

Essentials of Gearing. Anthony. (D. C. Heath & Co., Boston.) 
$1.50. 

Practical Treatise on Gearing. (Brown & Sharpe M'f'g Co., 
Providence.) $1.75. 

Mechanical Drawing and Machine Design. J. S. and D. Raid. 
(John Wiley & Sons, New York.) $3.00. 

Machine Design. (I. C. S., No. 997, Scranton, Pa.) 



LOCOMOTIVE AND CAR DESIGN— Two Seasons 

For : Draftsmen, engineers, and others specializing on the 
design of railroad machinery. 

Preparation : Mechanical drawing, mathematics, ele- 
mentary mechanics and design, and some acquaintance with 
railroad shops and appliances. 

Topics : Locomotive Design — The general principles of 
mechanics as applied to practical locomotive designing, in- 
volving the composition and resolution of forces, moments, 
strains to be resisted by the various parts of the locomotive, 
adhesion, friction, lubrication; the general principles of 
thermodynamics as applied to practical locomotive designing, 
involving the elementary theory of heat, combustion of fuel, 
evaporation, steam, condensation, draft, the steam engine 
indicator and its diagrams ; strength of materials, involving 
their deflection, elastic limit, resistance to rupture ; train re- 
sistance, involving the resistance to be overcome by the loco- 
motive as influenced by load, gradient, curvature, wind, kind 
and condition of cars ; general proportion of locomotives and 
their parts for given service, involving weight, tractive 
power, heating surface, grate area; the practical designing 
of locomotives, involving the working out of the detail de- 
sign, the making of actual working drawings, tracings, and 
blue prints, and their systematic care and filing. 

Car Design — The general principles of mechanics as ap- 
plied to practical car designing, involving the composition 
and resolution of forces, moments, graphical statics, friction, 



50 OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY 

strains to be resisted by the various parts of freight, and of 
passenger cars ; strength of materials, involving their deflec- 
tion, elastic limit, resistance to rupture; general types and 
proportions of freight cars for given service, involving 
capacity, ratio of tare to paying load, etc. ; general types and 
proportions of passenger cars ; passenger car decoration, in- 
volving the artistic work (this is a distinct art in itself and 
can only be touched upon here) ; the practical designing of 
freight and passenger cars, involving the working out of the 
detailed design and making actual working drawings, tra- 
cings and blue prints. 

Text and Reference Books 

Applied Mechanics. Jamieson. (J. B. Lippincott Co., Philadel- 
phia,) $1.25. 

Mechanical Engineer's Pocket Book. William Kent. (John Wiley 
& Sons, New York.) $5.00. 

Steam and Steam Engines. Jamieson. (D. Van Nostrand, New 
York.) $1.50. 

Thermodynamics of the Steam Engine and other Heat Engines. 
Peabody. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) $5.00. 

Manual of Rules and Tables for Mechanical Engineers. D. K. 
Clark. (D. Van Nostrand Co., New York.) $7.50. 

Locomotive Engine Running and Management. Angus Sinclair. 
(John Wiley & Sons, New York.) $2.00. 

Master Car Builders' Dictionary. (Railroad Gazette, New York.) 
$6.00. 

Locomotive Operation. Henderson. (Railway Age, Chicago.) 
$3.50. 

Mechanics of Engineering. Weisbach. (D. Van Nostrand Co., 
New York.) $6.00. 

Treatise on Valve Gears. Zeuner. (Spon & Chamberlain, New 
York.) $5.00. 

Proceedings Master Mechanics' Association. 

Proceedings Master Car Builders' Association. 

The Standard Current and Technical Railroad Periodicals. 

Books of Blue Prints and Specifications of Actual Locomotives 
as Built by Various Railroads and Locomotive Builders. 

Trade Catalogues and Reference Books from Various Locomo- 
tive Works. 



SUBJECT COURSES 51 

PHYSICS— Two Seasons 

For: Mechanics, engineers, apprentices, clerks, students, 
office men, tradesmen, and those interested. Often used for 
those in college preparatory work with laboratory practice. 

Preparation : A grammar school course including mathe- 
matics, drawing, algebra, English. 

Topics : Matter, energy, motion, and force — their proper- 
ties, laws, and relations ; gravitation, law of falling bodies ; 
simple laws of machines, including lever, pulley, and in- 
clined plane ; work, its units of measurement ; horse power, 
and problems of calculating ; dynamics ; momentum ; laws of 
motion ; hydraulics ; hydrostatics ; density and specific 
gravity ; heat, temperature, and thermodynamics ; sound as 
applied to telephone ; pitch as applied to music, phonograph ; 
light, reflection, refraction, microscope, telescope, stere- 
opticon, the eye; electricity and magnetism, batteries, elec- 
trical effects, measurement, resistance, instruments, com- 
mercial electricity. The various hand and power machines 
in actual use in manufacturing afford splendid material for 
the study of mechanics. The descriptions of new inven- 
tions in current magazines serve to illustrate the applica- 
tions of many scientific principles. 

Text and Reference Books 

Introduction to Physical Science. Gage. (Ginn & Co., New 
York.) $1.00. 

Physics. Carhart and Shute. (Allyn & Bacon, Boston.) $1.25. 

Physics. Watson. (Longmans, Green & Co., New York.) $3.50. 

Physical Laboratory Manual. Chute. (D. C. Heath & Co., New 
York.) 80 cents. 

Physics. Henderson and Woodhull. (D. Appleton & Co., New 
York.) $1.10. 

Laboratory Manual of Physics. Crew and Tatnall. (The Mac- 
millan Co., New York.) 90 cents. 

Physics. Hoadley. (American Book Co., New York.) $1.20. 



52 OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY 

ELEMENTARY ELECTRICITY— One Season 

For: Electrical workers, engineers, apprentices, telegra- 
phers, construction men, students, and those who wish to 
acquire a knowledge of principles. 

Preparation : Business English, elementary physics, arith- 
metic, algebra, drawing. 

Topics : Nature and properties of electricity ; electrical 
effects ; batteries ; electrolysis ; electro-magnetism, its nature 
and properties ; electric circuits, currents ; resistance, meas- 
urements. Ohm's law ; measurement of electric current, 
principles of electric machines, dynamos and motors ; 
electro-motive force ; direct current dynamos ; direct current 
motors ; alternating current machinery ; arc, and incan- 
descent lighting; power stations, electric railway and other 
applications of motors ; telegraph, telephone, electric bells ; 
wireless telegraphy. Do not confuse the essential principles 
in electricity with what may be merely informational and of 
temporary value. 

Text and Reference Books 

Elementary Electricity and Magnetism. Jackson. (The Mac- 
millan Co., New York.) $1.40. 

Lessons in Electricity and Magnetism. S. P. Thompson. (The 
Macmillan Co., New York.) $1.40. 

Practical Electricity. Swoope. (D. Van Nostrand Co., New 
York.) $2.00. 

Lessons in Practical Electricity. Jackson. (The Macmillan Co., 
New York.) $1.40. 

Primary Batteries. Carhart. (Allyn & Bacon, Boston.) $1.50. 

APPLIED ELECTRICITY— Two Seasons or More 

For: Students, electricians, motormen, dynamo tenders, 
testers, instructors, electrical engineers, and others. 

Preparation: A high school training or its equivalent, 
including shop mathematics, mechanical drawing or blue 
print reading, physics, chemistry, elementary electricity. 



SUBJECT COURSES 53 

Topics : Review of elementary electricity ; electric power 
and its measurements ; generation of direct and alternating 
current ; application to power, light, and railroad work ; 
storage batteries, their types, principles, care and applica- 
tion to light and power service; switchboards, electric ma- 
chinery, dynamos, direct current and alternating current 
motors; alternators, transformers. 

From 50 per cent to 60 per cent or more of the students' 
time may well be spent in shop and laboratory work, using 
all the various forms of electric machines and equipment 
available. Students should be fitted to creditably fill such 
positions as inspectors, switchboard wiremen, electrical 
draftsmen, foremen, and engineers, assistants with manu- 
facturers of electrical machinery, and so on. 

Text and Reference Books 

Keys for the Practical Electrical Worker. F. J. Robinson. (Mc- 
Graw Pub. Co., New York.) $2.00. 

Practical Management of Dynamos and Motors. Crocker and 
Wheeler. (D. Van Nostrand Co., New York.) $1.00. 

Elements of Electrical Engineering. Franklin and Esty. (The 
Macmillan Co., New York.) $4.50. 

Alternating Currents. Franklin and Williamson. (The Mac- 
millan Co., New York.) $2.50. 

Design of Dynamos. Thompson. (Spon & Chamberlain, New 
York.) $3.50. 

Mechanical Engineering of Power Plants. Hutton. (John Wiley 
& Sons, New York.) $5.00. 

Elements of Electric Lighting. Atkinson. (D. Van Nostrand 
Co., New York.) $1.50. 

Lessons in Practical Electricity. Swoope. (D. Van Nostrand Co., 
New York.) $1.00. 

ELECTRIC WIRING— One Season 

For: Linemen, wiremen, lamp trimmers, electricians, 
engineers, dynamo tenders, stationary engineers and stu- 
dents. 

Preparation : A grammar school training or its equiva- 



54 OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY 

lent, including simple algebra, mensuration, electricity, draw- 
ing and the elements of physics. 

Topics : Wire and its coverings, sizes and grades for 
various purposes; switchboards, their location and wiring; 
generating station; storage battery equipment and wiring; 
systems of distribution; outside wiring and construction; 
underground wiring and construction ; electric lighting ; in- 
candescent and arc lights ; efficiency and heating, carbons, 
operation ; wiring of buildings ; details and plans. Half the 
time of this course can be well spent in practical construction 
work with switchboards, wiring of a room, installation of 
annunciators, etc. 

Text and Reference Books 

Standard Wiring for Electric Light and Power. Gushing. (H. C. 
Gushing, Jr., 39 Gortlandt Street, New York.) $1.00. 

Electric Light Tables and the Distribution of Electricity. Rus- 
sell. (The Macmillan Go., New York.) $3.00. 

Electric Lighting. Grocker. (D. Van Nostrand Go., New York.) 
$3.00. 

Modern Wiring Diagrams and Descriptions. Horstmann. 
(Frederick J. Drake & Go., Ghicago.) $1.50. 

Rules of the insurance companies pertaining to electric wiring. 

ELECTRIC RAILWAYS— One Season 

For: Linemen, wiremen, students, conductors, motor- 
men, machine tenders, construction men, and superin- 
tendents. 

Preparation : Mathematics, drawing, shop work, elec- 
tricity, electric wiring, English, elementary physics. 

Topics : Equipment of cars ; armatures ; gearing ; bear- 
ings ; lubrication ; location of motors ; controllers and car 
wiring ; car heaters ; brakes ; construction for overhead, third 
rail, and conduit systems ; trolley wires and feeders ; elec- 
trolysis ; bonding and return circuits ; distribution of power 
supply ; alternating current transmission and systems ; power 



SUBJECT COURSES 55 

station; switchboard; operation; testing; difficulties and 
remedies. 

Text and Reference Books 

Hand Book for Street Railway Engineeers. Andrews. (John 
Wiley & Sons, New York.) $1.25. 

Electric Traction. Rider. (The Macmillan Co., New York.) 
$3.00. 

Power Distribution for Electric Railroads. Bell. (Street Rail- 
way Pub. Co., New York.) $2.50. 

Texts on Steam Railroads. 

"Street Railway Journal." (New York.) $3.00. 

TELEGRAPHY— One Season 

For : Operators, and men already in the service or those 
who desire preparation either for operation or construction 
work. 

Preparation : A grammar school course or its equivalent 
including business English, drawing or blue print reading, 
shop mathematics, elements of physics and chemistry, elec- 
tricity and electric machinery. 

Topics : Equipment of small office ; principles of the elec- 
trical telegraph ; the electric current ; construction and opera- 
tion of sounder ; the Morse code ; graded exercises in letters 
and words ; main line circuit, description, switchboard and 
its use, messages, abbreviations, code telegraphy. 

Railway telegraphy, train orders; equipment of station; 
electric circuits and devices ; the dynamo for main line work ; 
multiplex telegraphy, duplex, magnetic poles, polar relay ; 
rheostat ; condenser ; quadruplex ; transmitter ; tap and leak 
box ; wireless telegraphy, the Marconi system. 

Text and Reference Books 

Elementary Telegraphy and Telephony. Crotch. (Spon & 
Chamberlain, New York.) $2.00. 

Telegraph Instructor. Dodge. (Dodge Institute of Telegraphy, 
Valparaiso, Ind.) $1.00. 



56 OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY 

Hand Book of the Electro Magnetic Telegraph. Loring. (Van 
Nostrand Co., New York.) 50 cents. 

Twentieth Century Manual of Railway and Commercial Teleg- 
raphy. Meyer. (Rand, McNally & Co., New York.) $1.00. 

Wire and Wireless Telegraphy. Moore. (E. B. Moore Pub. Co., 
Springfield, Vt.) 50 cents. 

Manual of Wireless Telegraphy. Collins. (John Wiley & Sons, 
New York.) $2.00. 

TELEPHONY— One Season 

For : Those employed in telephone companies. 

Preparation : Same as for telegraphy. 

Topics : Sound and electricity ; batteries, alternating cur- 
rents; instruments, signalling, complete telephone outfit; 
telephone lines, circuit distribution ; trunk, toll, and subscrib- 
ers' lines. Construction of lines, material, poles, fittings, 
staying, running the wire; underground cables; splicing; 
terminal and distributing points. 

Telephone exchange, systems, switchboard, exchange wir- 
ing, power apparatus, batteries, machines, operation, by 
systems, local calls, trunk calls; long distance switchboard; 
trunk and party lines ; branch exchange ; locating difficulties ; 
repairs. 

Growth of automatic telephone. A large part of the 
course should be given to switchboard and other practice 
work. 

Text and Reference Books 

Telephone Principles and Practice. Wilder. (Cantwell Printing 
Co., Madison, Wis.) $2.00. 

Elementary Telegraphy and Telephony. Crotch. (Spon & 
Chamberlain.) $2.00. 

Telephones, Their Construction and Fitting. Allsop. (Spon & 
Chamberlain.) $1.25. 

Electric Telephone. Houston and Kennelly. (McGraw Pub. Co., 
New York.) $1.00. 

Telephone Lines and Their Properties. Hopkins. (Longmans, 
Green & Co., New York.) $1.50. 



SUBJECT COURSES 57 

Practical Telephone Hand Book and Guide to the Telephonic 
Exchange. Poole. (The Macmillan Co., New York.) $2.00. 

SHOP MATHEMATICS— One or Two Seasons 

For: Apprentices, journeymen, mechanics, machinists, 
draftsmen, and those connected with building and manufac- 
turing trades. 

Preparation : Arithmetic, English, mechanical drawing or 
blue print and plan reading ; elements of physics and chem- 
istry, shop work. 

Topics : Problems in daily shop and trade work involving 
the following topics: Review of fundamental operations, 
fractions and decimals with reference to shop work calcula- 
tions ; formulas, their meaning and application ; mensura- 
tion of surfaces, solids, and irregular bodies, their rules, 
formulas, and relations ; laws of simple machines, mechanical 
powers, inclined plane, levers, wheel and axle, cams; horse 
power, its computation, value in various engines, in indi- 
vidual machines, and its loss of efficiency due to friction; 
shafting, problems involving the size, material, location, and 
speed of shafting to realize certain horse power, and vice 
versa ; screw threads, various kinds, U. S. standard threads, 
diameter, sharp V thread, square thread ; weight of materials 
in castings, computed from weight of wood patterns, meth- 
ods of finding weight of castings from drawings, relation of 
such weights in cast iron, wrought iron, and steel, weights of 
copper and steel wire, various gauges; pulleys and belts, 
calculations for speed, length of belt, cone pulleys, size for 
transmission of given power ; gearing, formulas and methods 
for computing change of gears for screw thread cutting, 
milling machine work, bevelled and mitred gears; speeds 
and feeds of machines as twist drills, mill cutters, lathe work. 

The topics that do not find continued application in prac- 
tical shop or trade work are omitted. Much shop practice 



58 OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY 

should be used in applying the above principles. Individual 
instruction is emphasized. 

Text and Reference Books 

Machine Shop Arithmetic. Calvin. (N. W. Henley Co., New- 
York.) 50 cents. 

School Mensuration. (Longmans, Green & Co., New York.) 80 
cents. 

Engineers' Arithmetic. Colvin. (N. W. Henley Co., New York.) 
50 cents. 

Mechanics' Pocket Memorandum. (I. C. S., Scranton, Pa.) 

Use of Slide Rule. Halsey. (Van Nostrand Co., New York.) 
50 cents. 

Practical Mechanics. Saunders. (Van Nostrand Co., New York.) 
$1.00. 

Mechanical Engineering Pocket Book. Kent. (John Wiley & 
Sons, New York.) $5.00. 

Workshop Mathematics. Castle. (The Macmillan Co., New 
York.) 65 cents. 

Elementary Practical Mathematics. Castle. (The Macmillan Co., 
New York.) 80 cents. 

Various trade catalogues and hand books with their formulas 
and tables. 

APPLIED MECHANICS— One Season 

For : Advanced students, apprentices, journeymen, me- 
chanics, foremen, superintendents. 

Preparation : A high school course, including physics, 
chemistry, shop mathematics, mechanical drawing. 

Topics : Force and its measurement ; composition of 
forces ; laws of motion. Simple machines ; law of machines ; 
work and energy, its measurement, and the calculation of 
horse power. Simple machine parts, as screws, cams, link 
work, motion and power. Different kinds of gears and their 
velocity ratios. 

Strength of materials may well be followed in connection 
with applied mechanics. 



SUBJECT COURSES 59 

Text and Reference Books 

Applied Mechanics. Alexander & Thompson. (The Macmillan 
Co., New York.) $5.25. 

Graphics. Greene. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) $2.50. 

Analytic Mechanics. Bowser. (Van Nostrand Co., New York.) 
$3.00. 

Mechanical Movements. Hiscox. (N. W. Henley Co., New 
York.) $3.00. 

Applied Mechanics for Beginners. Duncan. (The Macmillan Co., 
New York.) 60 cents. 

Elementary Mechanics. (I. C. S., No. 989, Scranton, Pa.) 

STRENGTH OF MATERIALS— One Season 

For: Machinists, journeymen, engineers, students, drafts- 
men, builders. 

Preparation : A high school course, including shop mathe- 
matics, mechanical drawing, physics, chemistry, mechanism, 
English. 

Topics : Stresses and strains in floors, beams and girders ; 
columns; shafting; boilers and riveted joints, etc.; the be- 
havior of material of construction under strain. Individual 
experiments and laboratory tests for 50 per cent to 70 per 
cent of the time, using such equipment as may be available 
either in the Association or any manufacturing plants and 
laboratories nearby, are very necessary. 

The course is of much value to practical engineers and 
mechanics as well as to architects and builders. 

Text and Reference Books 

Strength of Materials and Theory of Structures. Bovey. (John 
Wiley & Sons, New York.) $7.50. 

Structural Mechanics. Greene. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) 
$2.50. 

Materials of Construction. Johnson. (John Wiley & Sons, New 
York.) $6.00. 

Strength of Materials. Merriman. (John Wiley & Sons, New 
York.) $1.00. 

Strength of Materials. (I. C. S., Nos. 995 and 996, Scranton, Pa.) 



60 OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY 

ELEMENTARY CHEMISTRY— One Season 

For: Young men entering manufacturing and com- 
mercial industries where a practical knowledge of chemistry 
is needed. 

Preparation : Arithmetic and business English. A gram- 
mar school education is desirable. 

Topics : Principles of chemical reaction and familiarity 
with laboratory manipulations; properties and relations of 
the non-metallic and metallic elements and their compounds ; 
acids, bases and salts; properties of oxygen, hydrogen, 
chlorine, sodium compounds, sulphur; nitrogen and carbon 
compounds ; silicon ; calcium compounds, magnesium. Best 
results are found when students are able to give more than 
half of their time in the practical laboratory work, also when 
special attention is given to chemical laws and simple 
reactions. 

Text and Reference Books 

Introduction to Chemistry. Remsen. (Henry Holt & Co., New 
York.) $1.12. 

Descriptive Chemistry. Newell. (D. C. Heath & Co., New York.) 
$1,20. 

Elements of Chemistry. Freer. (AUyn & Bacon, Boston.) $1.00. 

Elements of Chemistry. Bradbury. (Appleton & Co., New York.) 
$1.25. 

APPLIED CHEMISTRY— Two Seasons 

For: Men desiring to fit themselves for positions as as- 
sayers, chemists, inspectors, analysts, foremen, and assistant 
superintendents in chemical industries. 

Preparation: Elementary chemistry, mathematics, and 
business English. A grammar school training essential. 

Topics : Problems involved in industries pertaining to 
acid, alkali and dye works ; soap, drug, and extract works ; 
oil and varnish ; gas and water plants ; sugar refineries ; steel, 
iron, and brass works ; electro-chemical industries ; pulp 
works ; mineral plants, cement and pottery works. 



SUBJECT COURSES 61 

Drinking water, boiler and mineral waters ; fuel, illuminat- 
ing- and flue gases ; disinfectant and bleaching agents ; reduc- 
tion of ores ; iron and steel analysis ; qualitative and quantita- 
tive analysis of common products ; paints, fertilizers, soils ; 
assaying. 

Best results are found where a very large portion — from 
70 per cent to 90 per cent — of the time of the student is 
spent in laboratory and experimental work, using all the 
available equipment feasible, and closely related to the local 
industrial and manufacturing plants. 

Text and Reference Books 

Outlines of Industrial Chemistry. Thorpe. (The Macmillan Co., 
New York.) $3.50. 

Industrial Organic Chemistry. Sadtler. (J. B. Lippincott & Co., 
Philadelphia.) $5.00. 

Chemical Technical Analysis. Ulzer and Fraenckel. (P. Blakis- 
ton Sons & Co., Philadelphia.) $1.25. 

Chemistry of Paints and Painting. Church. (The Macmillan Co., 
New York) $3.00. 

Oil-Chemist's Hand Book. Hopkins. (John Wiley & Sons, New 
York.) $3.00. 

Manual of Quantitative Chemical Analysis. Ladd. (John Wiley 
& Sons, New York.) $1.00. 

Modem Pigments and Their Vehicles. Maire. (John Wiley & 
Sons, New York.) $2.00. 

METALLURGY OF IRON AND STEEL— One Season 

For: Foremen, assistants, and others holding or prepar- 
ing for advanced positions in connection with the iron and 
steel industry. 

Preparation: Arithmetic, business English, physics, and 
chemistry. 

Topics : The development of metallurgy in the industrial 
arts ; iron ores, their kinds, uses, value, and locations ; coal 
and coke; blast furnaces, including warm and cold blast, 
charcoal furnaces, coke furnaces ; pig iron, its various kinds 



62 OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY 

and uses as charcoal, Bessemer, low phosphorus, foundry; 
cast iron, as malleable, chilled; gray iron, its nature, 
composition, and manufacture ; steel, Bessemer process, con- 
verter, cupola process, open hearth process, Siemen's pro- 
cess ; effects of elements in steel ; tempering. 

Text and Reference Books 

Metallurgy of Iron. Turner. (J. B. Lippincott & Co., Philadel- 
phia.) $4.50. 

Hand Book of Metallurgy. Schnabel. (The Macmillan Co., New 
York.) $10.00. 

Steel. Metcalf. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) $2.00. 

The Cyanide Process. Miller. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) 
$5.00. 

Metallurgy of Iron and Steel. Hiorns. (The Macmillan Co., New 
York.) $1.50. 

MINING AND ASSAYING— Two Seasons 

For : Operators, foremen, superintendents, and those em- 
ployed in mining and smelting. 

Preparation : A grammar school education, including 
arithmetic, business English, physics, chemistry, physiog- 
raphy. 

Topics : Chemistry of minerals, apparatus, blow-pipe 
tests ; simple laboratory tests for qualitative and quantitative 
analysis ; economic geology, including the earth's crust and 
fossils, mineral veins, vein filling and ore deposits; simple 
mineralogy; determination of minerals by methods for field 
use; training in recognition and naming of various ores as 
well as rock formations; location of mineral claims; simple 
laws of mining; simple assaying; tests with small equip- 
ment leading the student to make simple assays with 
accuracy. 

Text and Reference Books 

Elementary Geology. Tarr. (The Macmillan Co., New York.) 
$1.50. 



SUBJECT COURSES 63 

Geology as Applied to Mining. Spurr. (Engineering and Mining 
Journal, New York.) $2.00. 

Mineralogy Simplified. Erni. (Baird, Henry Carey & Co., 
Philadelphia.) $2.50. 

Elements of Mineralogy, Crystallography and Blow Pipe Analysis. 
Moses and Parsons. (Van Nostrand Co., New York.) $2.00. 

Assaying and Metallurgical Analysis. Rhead and Sexton. (Long- 
mans, Green & Co., New York.) $4.20. 

Technical Methods of Ore Analysis. Low. (John Wiley & Sons, 
New York.) $3.00. 

PHARMACY— One Season 

For: Drug clerks and those looking forward to phar- 
maceutical work. 

Preparation: Elementary chemistry, arithmetic, business 
English, elements of Latin and physics. 

Topics: Preparation for state board examinations will 
naturally be made the basis of study. Best results are seen 
where much laboratory work is conducted. Quiz exercises 
following the talks, class recitations, name and formulas of 
the common drugs and chemicals. 

Text and Reference Books 

Whys in Pharmacy. Ruddiman. (John Wiley & Sons, New 
York.) $1.00. 

Incompatibilities in Prescriptions. Ruddiman. (John Wiley & 
Sons, New York.) $2.00. 

Elementary Course in Inorganic Pharmaceutical and Medical 
Chemistry. Wulling. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) $2.00. 

Laboratory Guide to Students in Pharmacy. (P. A. Fish, 915 
East State Street, Ithaca, New York.) 75 cents. 

PRACTICAL STEAM ENGINEERING 

The outlines for the courses in Practical Steam Engineer- 
ing have been subdivided under three headings : Marine 
Engineering, Locomotive Engineering, and Stationary En- 
gineering. In each of these the ground covered is substan- 
tially the same, but the method of approach and the practical 



64 OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY 

suggestions and illustrations are varied to better fit the needs 
of the different types of men for whom each of these 
three outlines is planned. In addition to the preparation 
mentioned under each head, it is desirable for men to have 
had business English, drawing and mechanics' arithmetic. 

Marine Engineering — Two Seasons 

For: Engineers, assistant engineers, and firemen em- 
ployed in marine service, and for others engaged in the con- 
struction, repair or operation of marine engines and ma- 
chinery. 

Preparation : Some experience or familiarity with some 
type of marine engines. 

Topics : Select from the following : Condensers, the na- 
ture of a vacuum, increase in power from a condenser, the 
degree of vacuum attainable, surface condensers and jet con- 
densers, the air pump; lubrication, importance, different 
systems, suitable oil ; knocking in engines, causes, adjustment 
of main bearings, connecting rod brasses, crosshead guides, 
eccentric straps ; how to line an engine, starting and stopping 
engine, precautions to be taken, reversing an engine, throw 
of an eccentric ; description of piston, and adjustment of 
piston rings, etc. 

Meaning of words admission, cut-off, release, and com- 
pression ; plane slide valves, piston and poppet valves, bal- 
anced valves, rules for setting valves ; meaning of words lap, 
lead, and angular advance, their influence upon the events of 
stroke and upon indicator diagram; diagrams for con- 
densing and non-condensing engines ; mean effective pres- 
sure in the steam cylinder determined by averaging or- 
dinates ; meaning of words work, power, and energy, calcula- 
tions of horse power from indicator diagram ; steam, same as 
in "Boiler Firing" outline ; cylinder condensation, value of 
steam expansion in cylinder, steam jackets, influence of com- 
pound and triple expansion ; pumps, centrifugal, steam, and 



SUBJECT COURSES 65 

air ; paddle wheels and propellers and their principles ; steam 
piping, expansion, bends and joints, separators, gaskets and 
packings, and practical suggestions, their limitations and 
principles ; careful study of valve diagram and indicator dia- 
gram, the construction of a link-motion model; emergency 
repairs; the steam turbine; the resistance of ships; etc. 
Also such portions of the course relating to Boilers and 
Firing as seems appropriate for marine engineers. 

Text and Reference Books 

Engine and Engine Running. Joshua Rose. (D. Van Nostrand 
Co., New York.) $2.50. 

American Marine Engines. Emory Edwards. (Carey, Baird & 
Co., Philadelphia.) $2.50. 

Catechism of the Marine Engine. Emory Edwards. (Carey, 
Baird & Co., Philadelphia.) $2.00. 

Practical Marine Engineering. Durand. (Office of Marine En- 
gineering, New York.) $5.00. 

A Manual of Marine Engineering. A. E. Seaton. (D. Van 
Nostrand Co., New York.) $6.00. 

Steam Turbines. C. C. Thomas. (John Wiley & Sons, New 
York.) $3.50. 

Questions and Answers for Marine Engineers. Lucas. (Audel 
& Co., New York.) $2.00. 

Practical Advice for Marine Engineers. Roberts. (The Mac- 
millan Co., New York.) 75 cents. 

Locomotive Engineering — Two Seasons 

For: Locomotive engineers and firemen and others en- 
trusted with the care of locomotive engines. 

Preparation : Experience on or about locomotives. 

Topics : Select from the following : Description of loco- 
motive boiler, dry pipe and passages to cylinders, the throttle, 
the reversing lever, the injector, the safety valve; different 
engine frames, equalizing levers and methods of distributing 
load; adjustment of axle boxes, lubrication of axle, im- 
portance of sufficient journal area ; cylinder arrangement for 



66 OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY 

different modem locomotives ; practical valve, valve motion, 
and indicator diagram instruction same as in "Marine En- 
gineering" outline; etc. 

Effect of rocker arm; construction of simple model to 
scale of Stevenson link motion, determination of valve travel 
and events of stroke for each position of link, rules for 
valve setting; the nature of heat, the law of expansion for 
gases ; the meaning of the words work, energy, and power ; 
steam, same as in "Boiler Firing" outline; calculations for 
horse power and indicated steam consumption ; cylinder con- 
densation and its effect; rules for determining horse power 
of engines ; rules for determining draw-bar pull ; locomotive 
accessories; mechanical bell ringers; steam sanding ap- 
paratus; laws of expansion and contraction; importance of 
firing carefully; draught; spark arresters; brakes, toggle 
joints, steam brakes, automatic air brakes; emergency re- 
pairs and practical hints in breakdowns; Walschaert valve 
gear; traction limits and train resistance; centrifugal force 
and elevation of outside rails ; also such portions of the 
course relating to "Boilers and Firing" as seems appropriate 
for locomotive engineers. 

Text and Reference Books 

Modem Locomotive Engineering Handbook. Swingle. (Frederick 
J. Drake & Co., Chicago.) $3.00. 

Locomotive Engines, Running and Management. Sinclair. 
(John Wiley & Sons, New York.) $2.00. 

The Locomotive Up-to-Date. McShane. (Griffin & Winters, New 
York.) $2.50. 

Locomotives, Simple and Compound. Reagan. (John Wiley & 
Sons, New York.) $2.50. 

Locomotive Operators. Henderson. (Railway Age, New York.) 
$3.50. 

Catechism of Locomotive. M. N. Forney. (D. Van Nostrand & 
Co., New York.) $3.50. 

Modern American Locomotive. Emory Edwards. (Carey, Baird 
& Co., Philadelphia.) $2.00. 



SUBJECT COURSES 67 

Locomotive Breakdowns, Emergencies and Remedies. Fowler. 
(N. W. Henley Pub. Co., New York.) $1.50. 

Modem Air Brake Practice, Its Use and Abuse. Dukesmith. 
(F. J. Drake & Co., Chicago.) $1.50. 

Stationary Steam Engineering or Engineer's License— Two 
Seasons 

For: Stationary engineers and firemen connected with 
the operation, or construction, or repair of steam engines or 
steam apparatus. 

Preparation : Knowledge of EngHsh and arithmetic and 
previous employment in or about power plant. 

Topics : Select from the following : Starting and stop- 
ping plain slide valve engine ; draining and warming the 
cylinders ; oiling ; instruction in starting and stopping Corliss 
engine ; effect of moving wrist-plate forward and backward ; 
way in which steam is admitted and leaves cylinders of both ; 
governors ; engine knocking, causes and methods of pre- 
vention; adjustment of main bearings, of connecting rod 
brasses, crossheads and guides ; the piston, rings and their 
adjustment; piston rod packing, practical valve, valve mo- 
tion, and indication diagram instruction same as in "Marine 
Engineering" outline ; practical rules for setting valves ; fly 
wheels and rules for maximum safe speed; meaning of the 
words, work, energy, and power ; calculation of horse power 
from indicator diagram ; the Prony brake, calculation of 
brake horse power ; nature of heat, the mechanical equivalent 
of heat ; steam same as in "Boiler Firing" outline ; the cal- 
culation of steam accounted for by indicator; the effect of 
cylinder condensation ; the value of steam jacket and super- 
heated steam ; compound and triple expansion engines ; inter- 
mediate reversers ; laws of friction and rules for horse 
power of a belt ; steam pumps, condensers and air pumps ; 
steam traps, velocity of steam in pipes, rules for determining 
size of same; practical hints regarding steam piping; steam 



68 OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY 

and oil separators ; feed water heaters and purifiers ; re- 
versing engines; Stevenson link motion; shifting eccentrics 
and special valve gears ; efficiency tests of steam engines ; 
also such portions of the course relating to "Boilers and 
Firing" as seems appropriate for stationary steam engineers. 

Text and Reference Books 

Engines and Engine Running. Rose. (D. Van Nostrand Co., 
New York.) $2.50. 

Steam. Ripper. (Longmans, Green & Co., New York.) $2.50. 

The Steam Engine. Holmes. Longmans, Green & Co., New 
York.) $2.00. 

The Steam Engine. W. H. R. Creighton. (John Wiley & Sons, 
New York.) $5.00. 

Elements of Steam Engineering. Spangler. (John Wiley & Sons, 
New York.) $3.00. 

Power Plants. F. R. Hutton. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) 
$5.00. 

The Gas Engine. F. R. Hutton. (John Wiley & Sons, New 
York.) $5.00. 

The Gas Engine. D. Clerk. (D. Van Nostrand & Co., New 
York.) 50 cents. 

Steam Heating for Buildings. W. J. Baldwin. (John Wiley & 
Sons, New York.) $2.50. 

Boiler Firing — One Season 

For: Locomotive, marine and stationary boiler firemen 
and others entrusted with the care and operation of steam 
boilers. 

Preparation : Some experience or familiarity with some 
type of steam boilers or engines. 

Topics : Select from the following : The safety valve, its 
purpose, ways in which it may become a source of danger, 
care, inspection, and setting of safety valves, principles of 
lever valves ; the water level, its importance, ways of finding 
it, reasons of false water level, effects of low water, rules 
for dangerously low water; known causes of priming, how 
detected and prevented ; blowing off ; formation of scales, 



SUBJECT COURSES 69 

effectiveness of feed heaters and purifiers in preventing 
scale, the danger of boiler compounds ; cleaning, washing out 
and scaling the boiler, responsibility on the boiler washer, 
keeping water column clean, careful inspection after wash- 
ing, laying up of boilers ; boiler feeds, where best introduced, 
importance of feeding slowly, feed pipes, feed pumps, and 
injectors, method of operation and care. 

Firing — The banking of fires, lighting and cleaning of 
fires, handling of clinkers ; firing with anthracite and 
bituminous coals; thickness of fires; air regulations, nature 
of flame for perfect combustion ; nature of combustion ; con- 
stituents of fuels ; combustion of hydrocarbons ; heat value 
of different commercial fuels ; furnace temperature ; preven- 
tion of smoke ; simple boiler repairs ; types of boilers, and the 
advantages of each compared ; steam domes and mud drums, 
their efficiency and best location; computations regarding 
the thickness of shell ; board of trade rules, insurance rules, 
rules for safe working pressure ; boiler accessories. 

The nature of draught, natural and forced draught, 
draught required for different fuels and rates of combustion, 
draught areas, height of stack, area of stack ; boiler settings, 
importance, allowance for expansion, prevention of radia- 
tion, heat lost by air leakage and by radiation ; furnace con- 
struction, the fire brick arch, air over the fire; mechanical 
stokers, advantages, overfeed and underfeed stokers, care in 
handling each, conditions for good combustion, coal handling 
machinery ; steam, its expansive nature, temperature, volume 
compared with water, saturated steam, superheated steam, 
use of steam tables ; sensible and latent heat, specific heat, 
total heat of evaporation, mechanical equivalent of heat; 
definition of mechanical horse power, of boiler horse power ; 
heating surface per boiler horse power, rate of generation 
of steam per square foot of heating surface in different parts 
of boiler, boiler tests ; steam fitting, draining of steam lines, 
allowing for expansion, location of flange joints, use of 



70 OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY 

gaskets, rules for determining size of steam pipes ; systems, 
etc. 

Text and Reference Books 

Steam Boilers: Their Construction and Operation. Swingle. 
(F. R. Drake & Co., Chicago.) $1.50. 

Steam Boilers. Rose. (D. Van Nostrand & Co., New York.) 
$2.50. 

Steam Boiler Practice. W. B. Snow. (John Wiley & Sons, New 
York.) $3.00. 

Steam Boilers. Peabody and Miller. (John Wiley & Sons, New 
York.) $4.00. 

Mechanical Engineering of Power Plants. Hutton. (John Wiley 
& Sons, New York.) $5.00. 

SHIP DRAFTING— Three Seasons 

For : Those connected with the ship building industry, or 
who wish to fit themselves in the theory and practice of the 
science. 

Preparation : Mathematics, applied mechanics, mechanical 
and architectural drawing. The applied mechanics and 
trigonometry may be taken during the course, but are needed 
before completion. 

Topics : First Season — Working drawings of simple con- 
struction ; laying down table ; calculations for displacements 
and for stability; rules for calculations of areas and mo- 
ments; planimeter; application of same to displacements; 
discussion of curves of form, stability, etc. 

Topics : Second Season — Calculation and drawing curves 
for launching ; midship section ; calculation of weight of 
hull and fittings; details of construction; flooding apart- 
ments. 

Topics : Third Season — Moment of inertia ; graphic 
bending moment ; stress on hull ; discussion of strength ; roll- 
ing waves, propulsion. 



SUBJECT COURSES 71 

Text and Reference Books 

Naval Architecture. Peabody. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) 
$7.50. 

Naval Constructor. Simpson. (D. Van Nostrand Co., New 
York.) $5.00. 

Naval Architecture. Watson. (Longmans, Green & Co., New 
York.) $5.00. 

Manual of Naval Architecture. White. (D. Van Nostrand Co., 
New York.) $9.00. 

Class Book of Naval Architecture. W. J. Lovett. (Longmans, 
Green & Co., New York.) $2.50. 

NAVIGATION— One Season 

For: Masters and mates, pilots, quartermasters, seamen, 
amateur yachtsmen, yacht owners, and those preparing for 
examination before government inspectors for either ocean 
or inland navigators' licenses. 

Preparation : Arithmetic, English, and geography. 

Topics : Chart work ; calculations ; variation and devia- 
tion ; compass, use and adjustments ; laws of magnetism ; 
navigation ; tables ; instruments and their use ; chronometer 
and barometer ; log book ; astronomical observations ; 
logarithms ; latitude, plane and Mercator's sailing ; laws of 
storms ; soundings ; currents ; rules of road ; local channels, 
buoys, ranges, obstructions and signals ; lights ; cross bear- 
ings; fire and boat drills; station bills; shipping and legal 
papers. 

Class and individual instruction should depend on condi- 
tions and be adapted to meet particular needs of these dif- 
ferent classes of students. 

Text and Reference Books 

Treatise on Navigation and Nautical Astronomy. (U. S. Naval 
Institute.) $5.00. 

Elements of Navigation. Henderson. (Harper & Bros., New 
York.) $L00. 

Elementary Treatise on Navigation and Nautical Astronomy. 
Richards. (American Book Co., New York.) 75 cents. 



n OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY 

On Navigation Simplified. MacArthur. (Rudder Co., New 
York.) $1.00. 

Mariner's Pocket Book. (International Text Book Co., Scranton, 
Pa.) $1.50. 

SURVEYING— Two Seasons 

For : Men employed in engineering- work. 

■Preparation : Practical mathematics, algebra, and 
geometry, business English, mechanical drawing, descriptive 
geometry, physiography. 

Topics : Measures of length, instruments, methods and 
correction of errors ; measurements of angles, the compass, 
variation of the needle ; methods of finding the true meridian 
and adjustment of errors; calculations of area; transit and 
methods of adjusting; running straight lines; actual survey 
of a piece of ground ; plot and calculation of area. 

Levelling, the level and its adjustment; profile levelling; 
cross-section ; stadia levelling. In connection with the 
course, there should be given much practice Avork in the field, 
together with the solution of a number of problems on the 
following: correcting measured lengths, calculating angles 
from bearings, areas by several methods, survey of public 
lands, surveys in a mine, working diagram from level notes, 
contour sketching, calculation of volumes, reducing draw- 
ings, meridian by the pole-star, etc. 

Text and Reference Books 

Plane Surveying. Raymond. (American Book Co., New York.) 
$3.00. 

Field Manual for Railroad Engineers. Nagle. (John Wiley & 
Sons, New York.) $3.00. 

Topographic Surveying. Wilson. (John Wiley & Sons, New 
York.) $3.50. 

Plane Surveying. Barton. (D. C. Heath & Co., New York.) $1.50. 

Mine Surveying. Lupton. (Longmans, Green & Co., New York.) 
$5.00. 

Surveying. Gillespie. (Appleton & Co., New York.) $2.50. 

Surveying. Whitelaw. (D. Van Nostrand Co., New York.) $4.00. 



SUBJECT COURSES 73 

MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING— Two Seasons or More 

For: City engineers, sanitary engineers, contractors, in- 
spectors, students, and others interested in the problems of 
property, streets, water, and sewerage. 

Preparation : Mathematics, drawing, mechanics, applied 
electricity, and chemistry, public health, physiography. 

Topics : Plane surveying, including measurements of all 
kinds; tools, their use and care; levelling, transit work; 
plotting, and topography; strength of materials; resistance 
and elasticity ; beams ; columns ; testing ; tension and com- 
pression ; shear and torsion. 

Masonry construction, kinds of masonry, foundations, 
cement, mortar ; hydraulics ; hydrostatics ; water supply and 
its sources, construction of water works ; filtration plants ; 
sewers and drains, designs, specifications, and constructions ; 
streets, location, laying out, grades, intersections; pave- 
ments, kinds, care, expense, construction. 

Text and Reference Books 

Highway Construction. Byrne. (John Wiley & Sons, New 
York.) $5.00. 

Water Supply Engineering. Folwell. (John Wiley & Sons, New 
York.) $4.00. 

Sewerage. Folwell. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) $3.00. 

Municipal Engineering and Sanitation. Baker. (The Macmillan 
Co., New York.) $1.25. 

Municipal Improvements. W. F. Goodhue. (John Wiley & Sons, 
New York.) $1.75. 

RAILROAD ENGINEERING— One or Two Seasons 

For: Road masters, track foremen, surveyors, engineers, 
and others engaged in railroading. 

Preparation : Mathematics, drawing, physics, and chem- 
istry, plane surveying, plotting and topography, strength of 
materials, masonry construction, physiography. 

Topics : Surveys, preliminary, location, curves ; construe- 



74 OUTLINES OF COURSES OP STUDY 

tion, earth work, cross-sections and calculations ; excava- 
tions, tunnels, cuts, and fills; culverts; trestles; retaining 
walls ; piers ; water stations ; coaling stations ; laying track, 
material, ballast, switches, terminals, tools, work trains ; or- 
ganization ; signaling ; finances ; operating expenses ; reve- 
nue ; improvements. 

Text and Reference Books 

Theory of Railroad Construction. Webb. (John Wiley & Sons, 
New York.) $5.00. 

Economic Theory of the Location of Railways. A. M. WeUing- 
ton. (Eng. News Pub. Co., New York.) $5.00. 

Railway Track and Track Work. Tratman. (Engineering News, 
New York.) $3.00. 

Notes on Track. Construction and Maintenance. Camp. (W. M. 
Camp, Chicago.) $3.00. 

American Railway Transportation. Johnson. (Appleton & Co., 
New York.) $1.50. 

Earning Power of Railroads. Mundy. (F. W. Mundy, New 
York.) $1.25. 

Railroad Construction. Webb. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) 
$4.00. 

Field Engineer : Book of Practice in Survey, Location and Track 
Work. Shunk. (D. Van Nostrand & Co., New York.) $2.50. 

Railroad Working and Organization. Dewsnup. (University of 
Chicago.) $2.00. 

How to Handle Freight. Richards. (R. C. Richards.) 50 cents. 

FIRST AID TO THE INJURED— One Season 

For: All men and boys, especially those in commerce, 
trade, and industry. 

Preparation : Reading, business English. 

It is very fortunate to know what to do in case of an 
accident. Much suffering and perhaps a life may be saved 
by cool and prompt action by one who knows what to do 
until the doctor comes. The following topics or their equiva- 
lent to meet local needs have been covered successfully by 
thousands. This course has the hearty endorsement and co- 



SUBJECT COURSES 75 

operation of the Physical Department of all Associations 
The work may be conducted either as a class, a club, or a 
series of ten or more lectures and quizzes. Oftentimes a 
series of demonstrations are carried on during the noon hour 
in the shops and factories. 

Topics : Structure and important functions of the human 
body, skeleton, muscles, nervous system, lungs, heart, stom- 
ach, etc. ; broken bones, dislocations, sprains, splints ; hemor- 
rhage or bleeding, arteries, veins, capillaries, circulation of 
blood, the tourniquet ; breathing, respiration, suffocation, 
apparent drowning, choking, croup; carrying the sick and 
injured, bandaging, materials in emergencies ; accidents, 
rupture, foreign bodies in the eye, ear or nose, poison and 
antidotes; unconsciousness, fainting, apoplexy, intoxication, 
convulsions, epilepsy, sunstroke, shock, concussion of brain ; 
wounds, burns, scalds, electric burns, frost-bite, exposure to 
cold, bites from animals ; the sick room, heating, ventilation, 
feeding, bath, care of patient; prevention of disease, anti- 
septics and preventives, contagious diseases ; board of health. 

Text and Reference Books 

First Aid in Illness and Injury. Pilcher. (Scribner's Sons, New 
York.) $2.00. 

First Aid to the Injured. Morton. (Society First Aid to the 
Injured, New York.) 25 cents. 

The Barton First Aid Text Book. (National First Aid Associa- 
tion of America, Boston, Mass.) $1.25. Includes outfit. 

First Aid to the Injured. Dr. Morrow. (Saunders, Philadelphia.) 
$2.50. 

PERSONAL HYGIENE, INCLUDING PHYSIOLOGY— 
One Season 

For : All men and boys, especially those employed in 
commerce, trade, manufacturing, and industrial plants, and 
also for those in the physical department as well as those in 
the educational department. 



76 OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY 

Preparation: Reading, business English. 

The following topics, or their equivalent to meet local 
needs, endorsed by the Physical Department of the Interna- 
tional Committee, are recognized as increasingly important. 
Much importance is attached to the topics of bathing, food, 
diet, exercise, sleep, and rest. The course may be conducted 
either as a class, a club, or a series of fifteen or twenty lec- 
tures, demonstrations, and quizzes. A splendid course for 
noon talks in the factory. 

Topics: Anatomy of the human body; skeleton, head, 
spinal column, pelvis, upper and lower extremities, muscles, 
internal organs ; physiology applied ; the circulatory, respira- 
tory, muscular, nervous, and digestive systems, and their 
functions ; care of the body, the skin, bathing and dress ; food 
and digestion, diet ; systematic exercise ; care of the eyes, 
ears, lungs, blood, muscles, nerves ; the use of stimulants and 
narcotics, tobacco and alcohol ; influence of body on mind 
and character; sexual hygiene; contagious diseases, quaran- 
tine, disinfection, prevention, board of health ; sleep and rest ; 
conservation of nervous energy. 

Text and Reference Books 

The Human Body. Martin. (Holt & Co., New York.) $2.50. 

Physiology and Hygiene. Hutchinson. (Merrill & Co., New 
York.) $1.10. 

Our Bodies. Blaisdell. (Ginn & Co., Boston.) 65 cents. 

Human Mechanism. Hough and Sedgwick. (Ginn & Co., New 
York.) $2.00. 

The Efficient Life. Gulick. (Doubleday, Page & Co., New York.) 
$1.20. 

Personal Hygiene. Woodhull. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) 
$1.00. 

PUBLIC HEALTH OR COMMUNITY HYGIENE— 
One Season 

For: Students, teachers, social, and political leaders, 
newspaper men, city officials, and those interested. 



SUBJECT COURSES 77 

Preparation : Civics, history, arithmetic, business English, 
personal hygiene. 

The Educational Department, cooperating with the Physi- 
cal Department, offers this important course in matters per- 
taining to public health. It is adapted equally well to all 
Associations, and may be conducted as class work, in groups 
or clubs, or as a series of twenty or more practical talks. 
An annual examination may be given in the spring. 

Topics : Growth of cities ; results of overcrowding ; care 
of streets ; garbage, ashes, and rubbish ; parks, playgrounds, 
and public baths ; fires, fire department ; water supply and its 
safeguards ; sewage and its disposal ; food supply inspection ; 
epidemics and preventive measures ; board of health ; tuber- 
culosis and its prevention ; city health and alcohol ; hospitals 
and dispensaries ; domestic hygiene and sanitation ; the 
house, its location, heating, lighting, ventilation, plumbing; 
sanitation of traveling. 

Text and Reference Books 

Town and City. Jewett. (Ginn & Co., New York.) 50 cents. 

Elements of Hygiene and Sanitation. Hough and Sedgwick. 
(Ginn & Co., New York.) $1.75. 

Practical Sanitation. Bashore. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) 
$1.25. 

TEXTILES— Two Seasons or More 

For: Mill superintendents, boss carders, spinners, design- 
ers, weavers, dyers, and other employees in textile manu- 
facturing. 

Preparation : Arithmetic, business English, elements of 
physics, chemistry, and electricity. For more advanced work 
mechanical and freehand drawing, practical mathematics, 
industrial design, applied chemistry, and electricity. 

Topics : Cotton — the cotton plant, varieties of the staple, 
strength of fiber, tests, bleaching, dyeing, mercerizing; de- 



78 OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY 

sign and construction, squared paper, plain and various other 
weaves, twills, drafts, and drafting, analysis of various 
fabrics. 

Woolen — sorting of wools and hair, oiling, kemps, scour- 
ing, bleaching and dyeing ; design and construction, plain and 
fancy suitings, dress goods, principles of ply fabrics, extra 
warps and fillings, face and black threads, corkscrews, analy- 
sis of fabrics. 

Linen — the flax plant, obtaining the fiber ; design and con- 
struction corresponding to cotton and woolen fabrics. 

Silk — origin, varieties, bleaching and dyeing, chemical 
tests ; design and construction, foundation weaves, derivative 
weaves. 

In all courses, place emphasis on the laboratory and indi- 
vidual work; on the simple elements of manufacture and 
design ; on the chemical and microscopic analysis of cloth 
to determine the percentage of cotton, wool, silk, etc. ; on 
clear descriptions of processes for treatment of the various 
fibers from the raw material to entering the loom; on the 
application of colors to the various fibers, and study of dye 
stufifs ; dyeing, bleaching, and weighting ; on illustration of 
the various machines used in both weaving and printing ; on 
various methods required for finishing silk, cotton, and wool ; 
and on the decorative elements used in designing textile 
fabrics. The needs of the silk, cotton, and woolen indus- 
tries vary somewhat in subject matter. 

Text and Reference Books 

Textile Fibers. Matthews. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) 
$4.00. 

Introduction to the Study of Textile Designs. Barker. (E. P. 
Dutton & Co., New York.) $2.50. 

The Textile Fibers of Commerce. Hannan. (J. B. Lippincott 
Co., Philadelphia.) $3.00. 

Textile Magazines and Technical Journals in Design, etc. 



SUBJECT COURSES 79 

SHOP WORK OR MANUAL TRAINING— Three Seasons 

For: Boys who wish to make something, to understand 
the systematic use of tools, and possibly to learn the ele- 
ments of a trade. 

Preparation : Arithmetic, reading, writing, and spelling. 

Topics: First Season — Use and care of tools; joinery; 
turning, drawing, and sketching ; simple shop problems ; 
making simple objects in wood, as window seats and easy 
chairs for furniture of Boys' Department. 

Topics: Second Season — Carpentry and joinery; turn- 
ing; simple pattern making; forging and blacksmithing ; 
working drawings ; applied mechanics ; shop work methods ; 
making objects in wood or metal, or both, such as andirons, 
lamps, chests with iron trimmings, boats, Venetian iron 
work. 

Topics : Third Season — Cabinet work ; foundry or mold- 
ing; machine shop work, as with lathe, planer, and shaper; 
working drawings ; methods of efficiency ; making more diffi- 
cult objects in wood or metal. 

By means of class work, talks, quizzes, the course should 
be effectively supplemented by much appropriate work in 
drawing, much practice in practical mathematics applied to 
shop work, the elements of physics and chemistry as they 
apply to materials, and the best methods, tools, and ap- 
pliances in shop work. 

Text and Reference Books 

Wood Working for Beginners. Wheeler. (G. P. Putnam's Sons, 
New York.) $2.50. 

Wood Working. Foster. (Ginn & Co., New York.) 75 cents. 

Bench Work in Wood. Goss. (Ginn & Co., New York.) 85 cents. 

High School Manual Training Course in Wood Work. Ritchey. 
(American Book Co., New York.) $1.45. 

Problems in Wood Working. Murray. (Manual Arts Press, 
Peoria, 111.) 75 cents. 



80 OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY 

Problems in Furniture Making. Crawshaw. (Manual Arts Press, 
Peoria, 111.) $1.00. 

First Lessons in Metal Working. Compton. (John Wiley & 
Sons, New York.) $1.50. 

Manual Training Magazines and Publications. 

ARTS AND CRAFTS 

For: Boys who wish to make something, to understand 
the systematic use of tools, and possibly to learn the elements 
of a trade. 

Preparation: Simple arithmetic, reading, writing and 
spelling. 

Topics : Class or club work with definite instruction in 
making useful and decorative articles of wood, iron, leather, 
brass, copper, or other materials ; includes tool work in wood 
working, scroll sawing, carving and burning ; iron bending ; 
leather painting and burning ; brass and copper hammering ; 
clay modelling ; basketry ; elementary industrial and decora- 
tive design. 

Text and Reference Books 

The Boy Craftsman. Hall. Boston. $2.00. 

Art Crafts for Beginners. Sanford. (Century Co., New York.) 
$1.20. 

Home Arts and Crafts. Marks. (Lippincott Pub. Co., New York.) 
$1.50. 

First Years in Handicraft. Kenyon. (Baker & Taylor, New 
York.) $1.00. 

Arts and Crafts Magazines and Publications. 

AUTOMOBILE WORK— One or Two Seasons 

For : Chauffeurs, prospective buyers, owners of machines, 
shop men, and young men wishing to prepare themselves to 
be repair men and drivers. 

Preparation: A grammar school training or its equiva- 
lent, including the elements of shop mathematics, mechanical 
drawing, physics, electricity, and English. 



SUBJECT COURSES 81 

Best experience proves that in order to insure efficient re- 
sults, the work should include three distinct divisions : 
1. Lectures, quizzes, and written work. 2. Shop, repair or 
garage work. 3. Road work. The shop and road work 
should be largely individual, and varied to meet the differ- 
ing needs of prospective chauffeurs, various machines, and 
local conditions. 

Usually the student begins with the general principles of 
construction and equipment, and follows with the different 
kinds of engines, or, very often, this order is reversed. The 
road work should train the students not only in driving, but 
also in emergency work, and cultivate coolness and common 
sense. 

Topics : 1. Construction, including the various types of 
bodies, forms, wheels, gearing, the driving and steering 
gear; brakes; lubrication; tires; accessories; general care 
and repairs. 

2. Motors and Engines. (1) The gasoline machine. 
The engine, including varieties, details, methods of use 
and care; types of pumps, radiators, carbureters; systems 
of ignition ; spark timers or commutators ; engine speed 
control; engine clutches. (3) The steam machine. The 
engine, including varieties, details, methods of use and 
care ; various types of boilers ; gauges ; burners ; pumps ; 
tanks; injectors. (3) The electric machine. The motor, 
batteries, controllers ; wiring of different parts ; voltmeter 
and ammeter ; single and double motor driving and gearing ; 
speeds, including control and change. 

3. Road Work. The laws of the road; driving; break- 
downs ; accidents, and road repairs. 

Text and Reference Books 

Self-Propelled Vehicles. Homans. (Theo. Audel & Co., New 
York.) $2.00. 
Handbook. Brooks. $1.50. 



82 OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY 

Horseless Vehicles, Automobiles and Motor Cycles. Hiscox. 
(Norman W. Henley Pub. Co., New York.) $1.50. 

Complete Automobile Instructor. Tillson. (John Wiley & Sons, 
New York.) $1.50. 

Handbook — Automobiles. Brooks. (F. J. Drake & Co., Chicago.) 
$1.50. 

The Operation, Care and Repair of Automobiles. Clough. 
(Horseless Age Pub. Co.) $1.00. 

See Steam Engineering, Electrical and Other Engineering Courses. 

WINDOW TRIMMING— One Season 

For : Salesmen, clerks, merchants, advertisers, managers, 
window decorators, and others desiring a knowledge of 
the principles of window and store decoration and display. 

Preparation: At least a grammar school education and 
preferably some knowledge of advertising, window card 
writing, freehand drawing, and furnishing and decorating 
principles. 

Topics : Form and color harmony ; lighting and illumina- 
tion ; dummies and figures ; draperies ; window forms ; sizes ; 
floor space ; moving and fixed displays ; fixtures ; set-up, 
background ; show and window cards ; display arrangement ; 
printed advertising matter and announcements vs. window 
display ; special sales ; seasonable display. 

These are some of the subjects to be covered in a practical 
way adapted to various lines of business and supplemented 
by practice work with trim materials in regular windows 
and portable booths. 

Text and Reference Books 

Art of Decorating Show Windows. Tracy. (Merchants' Record 
Co., Chicago.) $3.50. 

Art of Window Dressing for Grocers. Bauer. (Sprague, War- 
ner & Co., Chicago.) 20 cents. 

Window Dressing. Daly. (Bookseller.) $1.00. 

Merchants' Record and Show Window. (Chicago.) (Monthly 
magazine.) 



SUBJECT COURSES 83 

SIGN PAINTING— One Season 

For: Sign painters and those desiring- to fit themselves 
for the trade. 

Preparation : Arithmetic, spelling, business English, 
freehand drawing, lettering. 

Topics : Use of tools and materials ; freehand lettering 
with chalk and other material; preparing surfaces, coating 
wood, metal and brick; alphabets in use and their relative 
values; treatment of old signs for relettering; styles of let- 
ters; spacing and formation of letters; one, two or more 
colors ; shading, laying out work, smalting ; gilding on wood 
and on glass, etching; engraving and embossing on glass; 
lettering on muslins, on Japanned plates, on wire ; wall and 
bulletin lettering; lectures on colors used, how mixed in 
shading and blocking to produce required effects. 

Text and Reference Books 

Sign Writing and Glass Embossing. Callingham. (Henry Carey, 
Baird & Co., Philadelphia.) $1.50. 

Paint and Color Mixing. Jennings. (Spon & Chamberlain, New 
York.) $2.50. 

Freehand Lettering. Wilson. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) 
$1.00. 

System of Easy Lettering. Cromwell. (D. Williams Co., New 
York.) 50 cents. 

SIGN LETTERING AND SHOW CARD WRITING— 
One Season 

For: Clerks, office men, sign writers, window trimmers, 
merchants, and those interested. 

Preparation : The same as for Industrial Design. 

Topics : Hand tools and materials, their use and care ; 
letters, formation of, spacing, shading, and proportion; 
decorations, rulings, borders, panels, and stencil patterns ; 
work with pens, pencils, brushes ; construction of lines, 
curves, striping; general design and construction of show 



84 OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY 

cards and designs ; color, principles of, shades, blending, and 
mixing. 

Text and Reference Books 

System of Easy Lettering. Cromwell. (D. Williams Co., New 
York.) 50 cents. 

Freehand Lettering. Wilson. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) 
$1.00. 

Theory of Advertising. Scott. (Small, Maynard & Co., Cam- 
bridge.) $2.00. 

Practical Lettering. Meinhardt. (Norman W. Henley Pub. Co., 
New York.) 60 cents. 

ART IN HOUSE FURNISHING AND DECORATING— 
One Season 

For: Salesmen, buyers, architects, decorators, designers, 
furnishers, artists, and others interested in the art of deco- 
rating and furnishing homes, offices, halls, various buildings 
and apartments. 

Preparation: At least a grammar school education and 
freehand drawing. It depends largely upon the character 
of the course offered — elementary or more advanced. 

Topics : Principles of color and form harmony applied to 
furniture, upholstering patterns, colors and designs in wall 
papers, tapestries, rugs, and carpets; frescoing; pictures 
and frames; window decoration; furniture and wood work 
finishing. 

A study of the foregoing as applied to various rooms 
and purposes, including a descriptive historical study of the 
development of art, motifs of ornament ; various periods and 
types of art and decoration applied to present-day archi- 
tecture, furnishing, and decoration. 

Text and Reference Books 

Principles of Harmony and Contrast of Colors and Their Applica- 
tions to the Arts. Chevreul. (The Macmillan Co., New York.) 
$1.50. 



SUBJECT COURSES 85 

Decoration of Houses. Wharton- Codman. (Scribner's Sons, 
New York.) $2.50. 

Home Furnishing. Kellog. (F. A. Stokes, New York.) $1.50. 

Principles of Home Decoration. Wheeler. (Doubleday, Page & 
Co., New York.) $1.80. 

Homes and Their Decoration. French. (Dodd, Mead & Co., 
New York.) $3.00. 

Points of View on Interior Decoration. Brooks. (E. L. Brooks.) 
25 cents. 

Practical House Decoration. Facey. (Van Nostrand & Co., 
New York.) $1.00. 

Art of the House. Watson. (The Macmillan Co., New York.) 
$2.00. 

SEAMANSHIP— One Season 

For : Those wishing to sail boats of various kinds. 

Preparation : A grammar school education. 

Topics : Knotting and splicing ; bends and hitches ; siz- 
ings, mousings, worming, and serving ; blocks, tackles ; pur- 
chase weights ; bending sails ; sail making and repairing ; 
anchors, rigging, wire, and hemp; fishing spars. 

Text and Reference Books 

Sailing Handbook. Hitch. (John Lane, New York.) $1.00. 

Small Boat Sailing. Knight. (Dutton, New York.) $1.50. 

Boat Sailing in Fair Weather and Foul. Kenealy. (Outing Pub. 
Co., New York.) $1.00. 

Yacht Sails and How to Handle Them. Patterson. (New York 
Nautical College.) $1.00. 

Small Yacht Construction and Rigging. Hope. (Forest & 
Stream Pub. Co.) $3.00. 



MOTOR BOATING— One Season 

For: Prospective buyers, owners, and those who wish 
to become acquainted with the principles of construction 
and operation. 

Preparation: Grammar school subjects. 



86 OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY 

Topics : Boat types and models ; hulls and hull construc- 
tion ; care of hulls ; boat materials ; displacement and speed 
measurements ; engines and motive power ; equipment ; boat 
design and building; navigation; manoeuvring and boat 
driving. 

The course may well be conducted in three parts simul- 
taneously, viz., lectures, shop work, and operation on the 
water. 

Text and Reference Books 

1 May be found under other subjects: Automobile, Navigation, etc. 

FIRE PROTECTION— One Season 

For : Firemen, insurance agents, engineers, students, and 
those interested in reducing waste and risk by fire. 

Preparation: Grammar school or its equivalent. 

Topics : Nature of fire, its causes, means of com- 
munication, and methods of quenching; variously con- 
structed buildings and their relation to fire protection, as 
frame buildings, brick buildings, steel and fire-proof con- 
struction ; city water supply ; public fire departments ; pri- 
vate protection as automatic sprinkler systems, sprinkler 
supplies, mill yard and manufacturing plant protection, 
private fire departments ; fire pumps ; chemical apparatus ; 
protection for firemen during exposure ; fire walls and other 
means of controlling; common and special hazards. 

Rules and requirements of the national and local insur- 
ance companies explained and applied. Risks due to elec- 
trical, acetylene, gas and oil usage; remodelling defective 
buildings; installation and organization of fire departments. 

Text and Reference Books 

Fire and Explosion Risks. Von Schwartz. (J. B. Lippincott Co., 
New York.) $5.00. 

Chemistry of Fire and Fire Prevention. Ingle. (Spon & Cham- 
berlain, New York.) $2.50. 



SUBJECT COURSES 87 

Prevention of Loss by Fire. Atkinson. (Old Corner Bookstore, 
Springfield, Mass.) 25 cents. 

Hand Book of Fire Protection for Improved Risks. Crosby- 
Fiske. (Standard Pub. Co., Cincinnati.) $3.00. 

PRINTING— Two Seasons 

For : Apprentices, journeymen and others in the printing 
trade. 

Preparation: Business English, English composition, 
and the equivalent of a grammar school education. 

Topics : First Season — Spelling, punctuation, capitaliza- 
tion, copy, proof reading; mercantile printing, including 
bill heads, note heads, statements, letter heads, business cards, 
dodgers, circulars, blank forms, tabular work, cutting and 
mitering ; much practice in making ready for presswork ; 
much practice in the study of design and appearance of 
printed matter ; general principles applying to good display ; 
color harmony; printing machinery; linotype machines. 

Second Season — This is not a pure trade school course, 
but is designed to supplement the regular daily mechanical 
work of apprentices, journeymen and printers by a series of 
lectures, quizzes, and some practice work, as may be neces- 
sary to broaden the vision, increase the intelligence, and 
improve the efficiency of the students. It is also a continua- 
tion of the first season's work or may be taken up indepen- 
dently. 

Topics: History of printing; type making; type faces; 
composition; book, job, advertisement, and machine work; 
stone work ; plain composition and display make-up ; press- 
work ; plates ; cylinder ; color, embossing and steel die print- 
ing; bookbinding; photo-engraving; electrotyping ; inks 
and rollers ; papers ; commercial and art designing ; color 
harmony; printing styles. 

Spelling; punctuation and capitalization; English gram- 



88 OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY 

mar and composition; literature and history; copy reading, 
print and manuscript ; proof reading and marking. 

Text and Reference Books 

Practice of Typography. De Vinne. (Century Co., New York.) 
$2.00. 

Practical Printer. H. G. Bishop. (Oneonta, N. Y.) $1.00. 

Art and Craft of Printing. Morris. (Elston Press, New 
Rochelle, N. Y.) $5.00. 

Practical Colorist. Sheldon. (Owl Press, Burlington, Vt.) $8.00. 

Technical Journals, Inland Printer, Printers Ink. 



MACHINE AND BUILDING TRADE SUBJECTS 

For journeymen, apprentices, foremen, inspectors, super- 
intendents, contractors, and others connected with the 
various machine and building trades. In these courses the 
Association does not attempt to produce finished mechanics, 
but rather offers practical instruction to supplement the 
daily work of apprentices, strengthen the reason and judg- 
ment, increase the industrial intelligence, broaden the 
vision, and thus teach the principles and supplement the 
practice of the different occupations. 

It is often advisable for courses in the same subject for 
apprentices to be slightly modified from those for journey- 
men, as courses for the latter may well include more than 
half of the time on lectures and class work, covering the 
principles, science, drawing, and mathematics of the trade, 
while the courses for the apprentices need no less time 
and emphasis on the drawing and class work, but much 
more time on the shop work. 

Experience shows that it pays. to place emphasis on in- 
dividual instruction. Occasional text books may be secured 
for each course. Helpful suggestions in methods, printed 
matter and local courses and equipment may be obtained 



SUBJECT COURSES 89 

from a few Associations, and especially from Pratt Insti- 
tute, Brooklyn; Carnegie Technical Schools, Pittsburg; 
Drexel Institute, Philadelphia; Armour Institute and Lewis 
Institute, Chicago; New York Trade School, and Me- 
chanics' Institute, New York; Ohio Mechanics' Institute, 
Cincinnati, and other leading similar institutions, upon pay- 
ment of a reasonable sum to cover expense. 

The most successful results are found when emphasis is 
placed on : — 

1. The mathematics fundamental to all courses. 

2. The essentials of mechanical or architectural drawing 
so necessary in all constructive work. The drawing for the 
building trades will differ a little from that for the machine 
trades. 

3. The science and mechanical principles fundamental to 
the trade. These are brought out in the class work, demon- 
strations, talks and quizzes, and thus supplement the shop 
work in each trade. The physical and chemical properties of 
the various materials used in construction must also be made 
familiar, 

4. The necessary shop work or laboratory practice. This 
will take a large part of the time of the course and differs 
with each subject and in each Association. It includes the 
explanation, use and care of the various tools, materials, fix- 
tures, or machines involved. All necessary equipment may 
be secured either by purchase, by gift, or by loan, or the 
shops of the local manufacturing plants of the city may be 
used. 

Associations are specially urged to make each course of 
such a practical character, so adapted to meet local condi- 
tions that the results shall not only merit but receive the 
endorsement and cooperation of men and of industry. This 
means that the student should spend from two to five sea- 
sons, if need be — from 300 to 500 sessions or more — ^to 
master the work. No certificate in any course should be 



90 OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY 

given under any circumstances until the student has satis- 
factorily completed the requirements. 

It is very desirable to form a representative advisory com- 
mittee of three or five men carefully selected from those of 
largest interests and experience in the aims and results of 
the course, to cooperate with the local Association in any 
particular trade course as plumbing, carpentry and building. 
Such committees have proven of great practical strength to 
the Association as a whole, as well as to the particular 
course. 

CARPENTRY AND BUILDING— Two Seasons 

For: Wood workers, apprentices, students, and those 
fitting themselves for or improving themselves in the trade. 

Preparation : A grammar school course or its equivalent, 
including elementary mechanical, architectural, and free- 
hand drawing, physics, and chemistry, shop mathematics 
and mensuration, English. 

Topics: Use and care of tools; bench work in wood; 
much practice involving all the fundamental principles in 
wood work; joints of various kinds; splices; framing and 
paneling; operation of wood-working machinery; kinds, 
nature, seasoning, shrinking and warping of woods ; fasten- 
ings as wedges, keys, dowels, nails, screws, glue ; laying 
out simple work from plans; various graded problems in 
joinery; finishing surfaces; painting, varnishing, oiling, and 
shellacking ; making and hanging doors and windows ; erect- 
ing partitions and laying floors; house construction and 
framing; sheathing and shingling; roof-framing; stair- 
building ; intersections. 

Lectures and quizzes, reading, study and class recitations 
on the nature of wood, its use in commerce and manufac- 
ture, and the principles of carpentry, joinery, cabinet mak- 
ing, etc., may well take from 15 per cent to 25 per cent or 
more of the time. 



SUBJECT COURSES 91 

Text and Reference Books 

Bench Work in Wood. Goss. (Ginn & Co., New York.) 70 
cents. 

Exercise in Wood Working. Sickels. (American Book Co., New 
York.) $1.00. 

How to Use Wood Working Tools. Whitaker. (D. C. Heath & 
Co., Boston.) 60 cents. 

Fifty Lessons in Wood Working. Upham. (A. S. Barnes & Co., 
New York.) 50 cents. 

Beginning Wood Work. Van Deusen. (Manual Arts Press, 
Peoria, 111.) $1.00. 

Problems in Wood Working. Murray. (Manual Arts Press, 
Peoria, 111.) 75 cents. 

Problems in Furniture Making. Crawshaw. (Manual Arts Press, 
Peoria, 111.) $1.00. 

American Wood. Hough. (Lowville, N. Y.) $5.00. 

Kidder's Carpentry, Part II. (David Williams Co., New York.) 
$4.00. 

PATTERN MAKING— Two Seasons 

For : Journeymen, apprentices, machinists, molders, and 
those employed in machine and pattern shops. 

Preparation : Mechanical drawing, English, wood work- 
ing, shop mathematics, and elementary forging. 

Topics : Planing exercises for accuracy of surface, for 
square and to gauge lines ; rectangular balance weight with 
rounded corners; steam chest cover; turning flanged 
coupling ; making a ribbed bracket ; turning packing gland ; 
flanged tee pipe; blank spur gear; blank bevel gear; seg- 
ments for wheel patterns; segments tongued for chain 
sprocket; patterns for steam cylinder, for crank pin, globe 
valve, spur wheel; practical examples in solid, split, and 
loose piece patterns. 

Skeleton, marine, and Corliss cylinders ; sweep-work with 
and without cores; sweeping green sand molds. Lectures 
and quizzes on woods used in pattern making, their nature, 
shrinkage and warping tendencies. Much work in sketching 



92 OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY 

and drawing should accompany the shop work, the latter 
taking from 60 per cent to 75 per cent of the time. A few 
lessons should be given in the art of molding. 

Text and Reference Books 

Art of Pattern Making. Chase. (John Wiley & Sons, New 
York.) $2.00. 

Principles of Pattern Making. Horner. (The Macmillan Co., 
New York.) 90 cents. 

Wood Turners' Hand}' Book. Hasluck. (D. Williams Co., New 
York.) 40 cents. 

Practical Pattern Making. Barrows. (Henley Pub. Co., New 
York.) $2.00. 

Pattern Making. James Tate. (University of Minnesota.) 

Pamphlet on Pattern Making. (I. C. S., Scranton, Pa.) 

FOUNDRY WORK— One Season 

For: Students, molders, blacksmiths, pattern makers, 
machinists, foundry men. 

Preparation: Mathematics, drawing, physics, and chem- 
istry, metallurgy, English. 

Topics : Tools and their uses ; bench mold, snap flasks ; 
molding simple machine details in green, dry, and loam 
sand ; core making ; floor molding ; venting molds ; set- 
ting and securing cores; green and loam cores, drying 
molds; the lining and care of ladles, making chilled cast- 
ings ; cupola practice ; mixing iron, etc. 

Text and Reference Books 

Foundry Practice. Tate and Stone. (H. W. Wilson Co., Minne- 
apolis.) $1.50. 

American Foundry Practice. West. (John Wiley & Sons, New 
York.) $2.50. 

Moulder's Text Book. West. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) 
$2.50. 

Moulder's and Foundryman's Guide. Overman. (Baird & Co., 
Philadelphia.) $2.00. 



SUBJECT COURSES 93 

FORGING— One Season 

For: Men in blacksmithing and forge shops. 

Preparation: Mathematics, English, freehand drawing, 
physics and chemistry, geometry and mensuration, blue 
print reading. 

Topics: Management of fire; practice in drawing out, 
up-setting, bending, forming, fullering, swaging, punching, 
and welding of iron and mild steel ; tool-steel making, hard- 
ening and tempering; difference in the composition of iron 
and steel upon their commercial properties ; machine forging 
and hammer work ; various methods of tempering and case 
hardening; brazing; jigs and dies for bending and forming; 
forge shop equipment ; estimations of costs. 

Text and Reference Books 

Forge Practice. Bacon. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) $1.50. 

Guide to Blacksmithing, Horseshoeing, Carriage and Wagon 
Building and Painting. Lungwitz. (M. A. Donohue, Chicago.) 
$1.00. 

Modern Blacksmithing, Rational Horseshoeing, Carriage and 
Wagon Making. Holmstrom. (F. J. Drake & Co., Chicago.) $1.00. 

TOOL MAKING— One Season 

For: Apprentices, machinists, steel workers, students, 
and tool makers. 

Preparation: Shop mathemiatics, English, metallurgy of 
iron and steel, drawing, forging, and machine shop practice. 

Topics : Tempering, hardening and grinding ; measuring 
instruments; reamers, kinds, edges, adjustments, and hold- 
ers ; mandrels ; milling machine arbors and taps ; flutes ; dies 
and die holders. Forming tools and holders; milling cut- 
ters; end and spiral mills; drill and slab jigs; bushings; 
punch and die work; shear; laying out work; gauges; 
accuracy. 



94 OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY 

Text and Reference Books 

Turning and Boring Tapers. Colvin. (N. W. Henley Pub. Co., 
New York.) 25 cents. 

American Tool Making and Interchangeable Manufacturing. 
Woodworth. (N. W. Henley Pub. Co., New York.) $4.00. 

Modern Machine Shop Tools. Vanderhoot. (Norman W. Henley 
Pub. Co., New York.) $4.00. 

Pamphlets on Tool Making. (I. C. S., No. 303, Scranton, Pa.) 

Dies. Woodworth. (Norman W. Henley Pub. Co., New York.) 
$3.00. 

Punches, Dies and Tools. Woodworth. (N. W. Henley Pub. Co., 
New York.) $4.00. 

MACHINE SHOP PRACTICE— Two Seasons 

For : Men in or fitting for the machinists' trade. 

Preparation : A course in manual training, or mathe- 
matics, mechanical drawing, elements of physics and chem- 
istry, shop work in wood, business English. 

Topics : Bench work, including the filing, fitting, and 
finishing of work in cast iron, wrought iron, and steel ; 
operation and use of drill press, hand lathe, engine lathe, 
shaper, plain milling machine ; theory of and practice in the 
grinding of cutting edge tools used in general machine 
shop practice; planer work; the construction and operation 
of the engine lathe as applied to turning, boring, screw cut- 
ting and chucking of cast iron, wrought iron, and all 
metals used in general engineering practice ; screw machine ; 
grinding machines ; milling machines, their construction and 
operation ; use of the micrometer and vernier calipers ; cut- 
ting of spur, spiral, and bevel gears. 

When the various machine tools used in this course are 
not found in the equipment of the Association building, 
their use in nearby machine shops at certain hours is often 
satisfactorily arranged. 

Text and Reference Books 

Hand Book for Apprenticed Machinists. Beale. (Brown & Sharpe 
M'f'g Co., Providence.) 50 cents. 



SUBJECT COURSES 95 

Treatise on Gearing. (Brown & Sharpe M'f'g Co., Providence.) 
$1.00. 

Machine Shop Tools and Methods. Leonard. (John Wiley & 
Sons, New York.) $4.00. 

Rules for Belting. Cooper. (David McKay, Philadelphia.) $3.00 

Modern Machine Shop Tools. Vanderhoot. (Norman W. Henley 
Pub. Co., New York.) $4.00. 

Pamphlets on Machine Shop Practice. (I. C. S., Scranton, Pa.) 

SHEET METAL WORK— One or Two Seasons 

For: Sheet metal workers, tinsmiths, plumbers, car- 
penters, contractors, boiler makers, apprentices, journey- 
men. 

Preparation : Arithmetic, elements of physics, and chem- 
istry, mechanical and freehand drawing, geometry and 
mensuration, English. 

Topics : Use and care of shop tools ; methods of obtain- 
ing patterns ; intersection and development of surfaces ; 
development by triangulation ; irregular figures. Practical 
shop problems including various kinds of sheet metal articles 
and wares as pans, pails, elbows, bath tubs, round and 
square and irregular objects. Soldering fluxes; cutting 
out, forming and assembling work; simple pieces, brackets 
and mouldings of various designs ; miters ; skylights ; piping 
intersections ; scroll signs. 

BOILER MAKING —One Season 

In addition to the course for sheet metal work the follow- 
ing topics are added : Boiler construction ; materials ; test- 
ing, punching, drilling, and riveting joints and plates; ex- 
panding tubes ; flues ; general requirements ; grate area, 
heating surface ; manholes ; brackets ; chimney. Types of 
boilers; various forms of vertical, horizontal, and tubular 
boilers; marine and locomotive boilers. 



96 OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY 

METAL ROOFING— One Season 

In addition to the course for sheet metal work the fol- 
lowing topics are added: Coverings, tables, roof calcula- 
tions; various shaped roofs; preparing sheets, laying base 
flashing; fastening metals to stone, solder, wood and iron; 
electrical influences; standing seam roofing; roof flashing 
for soil pipes ; corrugated iron roofing and siding ; skylight 
work; methods of construction; shape of bars and curves; 
styles. 

TINSMITHING— One Season 

In addition to the course for sheet metal work the follow- 
ing topics are added: Use and care of tools; methods of 
obtaining patterns ; materials and standards of tin plate ; in- 
tersections and developments of surfaces ; practical tinware 
problems ; much shop work practice. 

Text and Reference Books 

Boiler Construction. Kleinhaus. (Norman W. Henley Pub. Co., 
New York.) $3.00. 

Practical Physics of the Modern Boiler. Rowan. (D. Van 
Nostrand Co., New York.) $7.50. 

Pocket Book on Boiler Making. Sexton. (Spon & Chamberlain, 
New York.) $2.00. 

Boiler Making for Boiler Makers. Ford. (John Wiley & Sons, 
New York.) $1.00. 

Roofing, Cornice and Skylight Manual. (David Williams Co., 
New York.) $1.50. 

Easy Lessons in Roof Measurements. Neubecker. (David Wil- 
liams Co., New York.) $1.25. 

Cornice Work Manual. Johnston. (American Artisan Press, 
Chicago.) $3.50. 

Tinsmith's Helper and Pattern Book. Voeburgh. (David Wil- 
liams Co., New York.) $1.00. 

Galvanizing and Tinning. Flanders. (David Williams Co., New 
York.) $2.00. 

The New Metal Worker Pattern Book. Kittredge. (David Wil- 
liams Co., New York.) $5.00. 



SUBJECT COURSES 97 

Steam Boiler Design. (I. C. S., Nos. 1016-1018, Scranton, Pa.) 
Steam Boiler Construction. Hutton. (D. Van Nostrand Co., New- 
York.) $6.00. 

Steam Boilers. Peabody- Miller. (John Wiley & Sons, New 
York.) $4.00. 

PLUMBING— Three Seasons 

For: Apprentices, journeymen, mechanics, sanitary en- 
gineers, and others. 

Preparation : Business English, mechanics' business arith- 
metic, mechanical drawing and plan reading, the elements of 
physics and chemistry. 

Topics : Mathematics of plumbing ; sizes of pipe for 
water and sewage connections; defective arrangements of 
drain, soil and waste pipes, and how to correct the same; 
vacuum effects and how to prevent them; hydraulics; 
water weights, pressures, and their measurements; pumps, 
supply pipes, tanks, and fixtures; freehand sketching of 
plans, and details; charts and diagrams used freely; plan 
reading from architects' blue prints ; detailed drawings 
and plumbing specifications ; illustrations of defective 
plumbing in trade journals ; tools and materials ; leads and 
solders; plumbing inspection and proving tests; familiarity 
with the principles underlying the plumbing rules of the 
city. 

In the shop and practice work which will take from 60 
per cent to 75 per cent or more of the time of the course, 
emphasis should be placed upon the soldering and wiping; 
horizontal and vertical round joints; bath plugs; side and 
floor flanges ; ferrules ; traps ; tank seams ; solder seams in 
brass, iron, lead, and tin; setting of basins, tubs, sinks, 
water closets, tanks, and boilers; trapping and ventilating 
drain, soil and waste pipes; pipe fitting; lead seams; over- 
cast joints; calking. 



98 OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY 

In the lectures, quizzes and also the class work, emphasis 
should continually be placed on the science and principles 
underlying plumbing, as drawing, mathematics, elements of 
physics, chemistry and sanitation. 

Text and Reference Books 

Sanitary Fittings and Plumbing. Sutcliffe. (The Macmillan Co., 
New York.) $1.60. 

Plumbers' Manual. Tower. (E. M. Lyman & Sons, Springfield, 
Mass.) $1.25. 

Questions and Answers on Sanitary Plumbing. Starbuck. (R. M. 
Starbuck, Hartford.) $1.00. 

Modern Plumbing, Steam and Hot Water Heating. Lawler. 
(Popular Pub. Co., New York.) $5.00. 

Principles and Practices of Plumbing. Cosgrove. (David Wil- 
liams Co., New York.) $3.00. 

Standard Practical Plumbing. Two vols. Davies. (Spon & 
Chamberlain, New York.) $7.50. 

Sanitation of Public Buildings. Gerhard. (John Wiley & Sons, 
New York.) $1.50. 

HEATING AND VENTILATION— One Season 

For: Sanitary engineers, plumbers, steam fitters, archi- 
tects, and builders, firemen, janitors, draftsmen. 

Preparation : Mathematics, English, drawing or plan 
reading, physics, chemistry, boilers, engines. 

Topics: Various forms of heating as that from stoves, 
furnaces, steam, hot water, electricity; composition of air; 
ventilation; inlets and outlets; calculations. Furnace heat- 
ing, kinds of furnaces ; location parts, draft, pipes, register 
and care. Steam heating, radiators, systems of piping, con- 
nections, valves, heaters, flues, and care. Hot water heating, 
heaters, radiators, valves, fittings, and care. 

Text and Reference Books 

Heating and Ventilating Buildings. Carpenter. (John Wiley & 
Sons, New York.) $4.00. 



SUBJECT COURSES 99 

Steam Heating and Ventilation. Monroe. (McGraw Pub. Co., 
New York.) $2.00. 

Furnace Heating. Snow. (David Williams Co., New York.) 
$1.50. 

Ventilation and Heating. Billings. (Engineering Record, New 
York.) $6.00. 

STEAM AND HOT WATER FITTING— One Season 

For: Janitors, sanitary engineers, plumbers, machinists, 
contractors, and those interested in the trades. 

Preparation : The same as for Heating and Ventilating. 

Topics: Pipe fitting tools, bench, vise, dies, and stocks, 
tongs, wrenches, drills, reamers, and taps; boilers and con- 
nections, their arrangement, setting, foundations, fittings, 
capacity, and coverings ; pipes, size and distribution ; various 
systems of steam piping, as dry return, wet return, one- 
pipe ; two-pipe ; steam pressures and temperature ; expan- 
sion; various kinds of radiators and coils; capacity of 
heaters; radiator connections; piping for hot and cold wa- 
ter ; heating of water. 

Text and Reference Books 

Gas and Gas Fittings. Hills. (The Macmillan Co., New York.) 
$1.60. 

Principles of Fitting for, Engineer Students. Horner. (The Mac- 
millan Co., New York.) $1.50. 

Pipes and Tubes. Bjorling. (The Macmillan Co., New York.) 
$1.00. 

Hot Water Supply. Dye. (Spon & Chamberlain, New York.) 
$1.00. 

Modern Plumbing, Steam and Hot Water Heating. Lawler. 
(Popular Pub. Co., New York.) $5.00. 

Practical Hot Water Heating, Steam and Gas Fitting. Lawler 
and Hanchett. (Excelsior Pub. House, New York.) $2.00. 

Steam Heating. Briggs. (D. Van Nostrand Co., New York.) 
50 cents. 

Steam Heating Problems. (Engineering Record.) 

LOFC 



100 OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY 

BRICKLAYING— One Season 

For: Journeymen and apprentices. 

Preparation: Grammar school education, drawing, ele- 
ments of physics, plan reading, mensuration. 

Topics: Proper methods of handling tools; preparing 
mortar; straight walls; building piers; arches, bonded and 
ring; fireplaces and gathering over flues; fire-proof parti- 
tions; ornamental cornices; panels; bonding brick work to 
steel frame buildings; setting terra cotta; pressed brick 
work ; vitrified brick work. 

Text and Reference Books 

Bricklaying. Maginnis. (O. B. Maginnis, 310 W. 128th St., New 
York.) $2.00. 

Bricklaying and Brickcutting. Richards. (Longmans, Green & 
Co., New York.) $1.25. 

Estimating Frame and Brick Houses. Hodgson. (David Wil- 
Hams Co., New York.) $1.00. 

Cements, Mortars and Concretes. Falk. (M. C. Clark, New 
York.) $2.50. 

Building Construction and Superintendence. Part. I., Masons' 
Work. Kidder. (D. WilHams Co., New York.) $4.00. 

Masonry Construction. Baker. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) 
$5.00. 

PLASTERING— One Season 

For : Apprentices, journeymen, and those in the trade. 

Preparation : Business English, mathematics, and men- 
suration, drawing and physics. 

Topics : Lathing, including various kinds, materials, and 
methods; much practice in scratch and brown coat work 
until the work can be done evenly and rapidly ; hard finish- 
ing ; cornice work, including bands, moulding. 

Text and Reference Books 

Plaster and Plastering Mortars and Cements. Hodgson. (D. 
Williams Co., New York.) $1.00. 

Concretes, Cements, Mortars, Plasters and Stuccos. Hodgson. 
(F. J. Drake & Co., Chicago.) $2.00. 



SUBJECT COURSES 101 

HOUSE PAINTING— One Season 

For: Apprentices, journeymen, and those in the trade. 

Preparation: Business English, arithmetic, mensuration, 
drawing-, and chemistry. 

Topics : Care of brushes and pots ; glazing ; treatment of 
new wood, including killing knots, priming, puttying, and 
sandpapering; second and third coats; burning off paint; 
painting brickwork, woodwork, and plaster walls; lining; 
mixing white paints, materials required; mixing oil colors; 
mixing kalsomine colors ; painting in three shades ; flatting ; 
stippling; preparation of kalsomining and sizing; cutting 
and preparing stencils; staining; varnishing; treatment of 
hard wood; enameling, gilding, bronzing, graining, and 
marbling. 

Text and Reference Books 

Paint and Color Mixing. Jennings. (Spon & Chamberlain, New 
York.) $2.50. 

How to Mix Paints. Godfrey. (D. Williams Co., New York.) 
50 cents. 

The Modern Wood Finisher. Maire. (D. Williams Co., New 
York.) 50 cents. 

FRESCO PAINTING— One Season 

For: Artists, apprentices, students, and those in the 
trade. 

Preparation: Mechanics' business arithmetic, business 
English, freehand drawing, elements of chemistry, house 
painting. 

Topics: Freehand drawing and decorative design; light 
and shade, studies of historic ornament; much practice in 
the use of plates, casts and objects; constructive decorative 
design; preparation of surfaces, lining, preparing stencils 
and stenciling; laying out panels, preparing pounces, laying 
on flat ornaments ; shading from the flat ; shading of orna- 



102 OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY 

ments and mouldings ; tinting ; mixing colors ; glazing ; wall 

and ceiling work. 

Text and Reference Books 

Modern Mural Decoration. Baldry. (Scribner's Sons, New 
York.) $5.00. 



LANGUAGE AND ACADEMIC SUBJECTS 

Without the command of language a person is seriously 
handicapped and often defeated. The Association lays spe- 
cial stress on instruction in the English language. It en- 
dorses all methods of teaching the various languages, if they 
arrive at the result of practical, accurate, available knowl- 
edge, clearly and distinctly expressed. 

While in both day and evening classes, the Association 
still gives aid in Latin and other languages to students 
fitting for college, also more help in German and French to 
fit for commercial work, yet by far the largest service is in 
business English for large numbers of men and boys, and 
in simple English for the non-English speaking. 

Much practice in careful written work, pronunciation, 
and translations, should be required in every course. 

BUSINESS ENGLISH— Two Seasons 

For : All men and boys. 

Preparation: Reading, writing, spelling, or the equiva- 
lent of fifth grade public school work. 

Topics : Letter writing, forms and parts of letters, much 
practice in various kinds of business letters, with emphasis 
on brevity, clearness, unity, courtesy; forms of various 
social notes and usages; general correspondence; choice of 
words, avoidance of words and expressions not in good use ; 
exercises to extend and show value of vocabulary; habitual 
and intelligent use of the dictionary ; formation of words ; 



SUBJECT COURSES 103 

simple English prefixes and suffixes in common use; exer- 
cises in spelling. 

Punctuation and capital letters; the English sentence, its 
parts and modifiers ; kinds of sentences ; parts of speech, 
their use and forms ; simple parsing ; exercises in corrections 
of common errors; analysis of simple, complex, and com- 
pound sentences ; construction of sentences, involving forma- 
tion, transformation, or substitution of words, phrases, and 
clauses. 

Text and Reference Books 

New Practical Grammar and Correspondence. Williams. 
(American Book Co., New York.) 60 cents. 

English Composition. Chittenden. (Scott Foresman Co., Chi- 
cago.) 60 cents. 

Longmans' English Lessons and Longmans' EngHsh Grammar. 
(Longmans, Green & Co., New York.) 65 cents. 

Lessons in English. Lockwood. (Ginn & Co., New York.) $1.12. 

Business Methods. Teller and Brown. (Rand, McNally Co., 
New York.) 75 cents. 

ENGLISH COMPOSITION AND RHETORIC— 
One Season 

For : All men and boys. 

Preparation : The course in business English, including 
history and government, and the equivalent of sixth and 
seventh grades in public school work. 

Topics : Review of business English, principles of Eng- 
lish grammar, discriminating parts of speech, analyzing sen- 
tences of various kinds, correcting faulty English; how to 
write clearly, choice and arrangement of words in sentences, 
unity in the sentence ; study of descriptions, involving choice 
of subject and point of view ; outlining descriptions, how to 
make them interesting and effective; paragraphing, includ- 
ing topics, topic sentences, unity and plan in paragraphs, 
various kinds of paragraphs. 

Narrations, including the planning and presentation to 



104 OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY 

best insure interest; emphasis, showing how to choose the 
forms and arrange the parts of sentences to emphasize im- 
portant ideas ; figures of speech, their description, use, and 
importance; choice of words; origin of words from Latin 
and Greek roots, with study of prefixes and suffixes ; exposi- 
tions and arguments, including planning and writing of 
brief essays on subjects of interest. 

Text and Reference Books 

Writing in English. Maxwell and Smith. (American BcK>k Co., 
New York.) 75 cents. 

A First Book in Writing English. Lewis. (The Macmillan Co., 
New York.) 80 cents. 

Outlines of Rhetoric. Genung. (Ginn & Co., New York.) $1.00. 

Essentials of English Composition. Tarbell. (Ginn & Co., New 
York.) 60 cents. 

LITERATURE— One Season 

For: Students, teachers, reporters, and others. 

Preparation : A high school course or its equivalent. 

American literature : — 

Topics : The reading and discussion of the following 
works should be prefaced by brief outline of the develop- 
ment of American literature, with special reference given 
to perhaps the place, work, and influence of eight or ten 
authors in that development. 

(a) Irving: Rip Van Winkle, (b) Hawthorne: The 
House of Seven Gables, (c) Longfellow: Evangeline. 

For 1908-09 and thereafter Cooper's "Last of the Mo- 
hicans" will be substituted for (b). For 1909-10 and after, 
Longfellow's "Hiawatha" will be substituted for (c). For 
1910-11, Lowell's "Vision of Sir Launfal" will be substituted 
for (a). 

Composition by the class, on the lives of the authors 
mentioned, on the stories told in the selected works, and if 



SUBJECT COURSES 105 

possible on other works of these authors than the ones 
mentioned. 

English literature since 1750 : The instructor may sim- 
ilarly outline the development and range of this period of 
literature, with mention of a few of the most important 
writers, their chronological position, and their relative im- 
portance. 

(a) Goldsmith: The Deserted Village, (b) Dickens: 
A Tale of Two Cities, (c) Scott: The Lady of the Lake. 

For 1908-0'9 and thereafter Tennyson's "Elaine" will be 
substituted for (b). For 1909-10 and after, Coleridge's 
"Rime of the Ancient Mariner" will be substituted for (c). 
For 1910-11, George Eliot's "Silas Marner" will be substi- 
tuted for (a). 

Class compositions, biographical, descriptive or argu- 
mentative, based upon the authors named and on their 
works. 

Review of the six books read. 

Text and Reference Books 

Texts of the readings mentioned above may be had in various 
inexpensive forms, as in the English Classic Series published by 
Effingham, Maynard & Co. (paper, 12 cents each) ; by The Mac- 
millan Co. (cloth, 25 cents each) ; by the American Book Co. 
(boards, 15 to 50 cents each; paper, 15 cents); in the River- 
side Literature Series of Houghton, Mifflin & Co. (paper, 15 cents; 
especially satisfactory for Hawthorne and Longfellow.) If the 
teacher wishes to use a book on the history of literature (English 
and American) the Brooks-Carpenter "English Literature" (The 
Macmillan Co.), or the well-known primers of English and Ameri- 
can literature, may be chosen. 

ENGLISH FOP NON-ENGLISH SPEAKING— One Season 

For : Those who cannot read, write, or speak English. 
Preparation : A desire to learn English. 
Suggestions : The different nationalities, the local condi- 
tions, the work to be done and the helpers, all vary to such 



106 OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY 

an extent that it seems impossible to suggest a definite 
course or outline. However, the most successful efforts 
show that in the early stages the work is entirely by object 
— the spoken and written word being closely connected. 
Then comes action, qualities, places, and so on, which 
brings in the verbs, adjectives, forming of sentences, and 
gradual introduction of short, appropriate stories. 

The books below have been successfully used. Large use 
of the blackboard by the teacher is necessary; also the 
gradual use of the same by the men, as well as their writ- 
ing on paper, is strongly encouraged. See the six-page 
chapter on "Foreign-Born Young Men and Their Needs" 
in "Information and Suggestions" for 1906. 

Dr. Peter Roberts, Special Secretary of the International 
Committee for foreign-speaking men, says: (1) Secure 
the best possible teacher; success or failure rests here. 
(2) Teach the names of the objects and tools they daily 
handle. (3) It is somewhat better to include all the foreign- 
speaking men according to the industry in which they are 
employed rather than to take the different nationalities by 
themselves. (4) In the use of text books remember that 
we deal with men, and that public school books are pre- 
pared for children. 

As progress is made, and depending upon the versatility 
and genius of the teacher, the reading, speaking, and writ- 
ing exercises will include lessons in simple business habits 
and customs, in civics and history, varying exercises in 
simple numbers, geography and the various fundamentals 
so necessary to a stranger in a strange land. 

Text and Reference Books 

First Book for Non-English Speaking. Harrington and Cun- 
ningham. (D. C. Heath & Co., Boston.) 25 cents. 

Second Book for Non-English Speaking. Harrington and Moore. 
(D. C. Heath & Co., Boston.) 30 cents. 

English for Evening Schools. F. B. Swingle. (Racine, Wis.) 



SUBJECT COURSES 107 

Reading and Language Lessons. W. E. Chancellor. (American 
Book Co., New York.) 30 cents. 

English-Italian. Moore. (D. C. Heath & Co., Boston.) 30 cents. 



GERMAN— Two Seasons 

For: Students, clerks, salesmen, office men, agents, cor- 
respondents, stenographers, and those desiring an acquaint- 
ance with the language or who are preparing for college. 

Preparation : English, a grammar school education. 

The object is to give the student a practical knowledge of 
the elements of German grammar and good pronunciation, 
the ability to read and translate German at sight, and to 
translate the ordinary English into good German. 

All methods are good if they arrive at the goal of prac- 
tical, accurate and available knowledge. Students are not 
to use the German script. Much practice is necessary in 
pronunciation, reading, speaking, and translation exercises 
throughout the course. 

First Season — Ability to read and translate at sight and 
into good English easy selections from the German, also to 
translate short sentences into German and show proficiency 
in elementary German grammar. 

German grammar, including gender, declension of arti- 
cles, adjectives, nouns and pronouns; conjugation of weak 
verbs, simple auxiliaries and the most common strong 
verbs; use of prepositions, conjunctions, and adverbs; gen- 
eral rules of syntax, including those for the genitive, dative, 
and accusative cases, rules for the various modes, and for 
the ordinary construction of sentences. 

Sight reading and translation into good English from any 
such selections as : — 

Aus dem Leben eines Taugenichts. Eichendorf. (Henry Holt 
& Co., New York.) 30 cents. 

L'Arrabbiata. Heyse. (Henry Holt & Co., New York.) 25 cents. 
Immensee. Storm. (Henry Holt & Co., New York.) 25 cents. 



108 OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY 

Bilderbuch ohne Bilder. Andersen. (Henry Holt & Co., New 
York.) 30 cents. 

Aus meiner Welt. Meissner. (Henry Holt & Co., New York.) 
35 cents. 

Traumereien. Leander. (American Book Co., New York.) 35 
cents. 

Translations of simple English sentences into German. 

Second Season — Exercises in reproduction in German of 
matter previously read or heard, conversation in German, 
and letter writing ; a very thorough, practical knowledge of 
German grammar ; the elements of word forms ; syntax ; 
order of words in connected discourse. 

Sight reading and translations into English of any such 
selections as : — 

"Die Journalisten," 30 cents; Selections from "Bilder aus der 
deutschen Vergangenheit." Freytag. (Henry Holt & Co., New 
York.) 

"Minna von Barnhelm." Lessing. (The Macmillan Co., New 
York.) 75 cents. 

"Wilhelm Tell," 48 cents ; "Die Joungfrau von Orleans," 60 
cents. Schiller. (Henry Holt & Co., New York.) 

Ability to translate easy connected English into German. 

Reading : Reading from authors, such as Freytag, Riehl, 
Heyse, Heine, and Schiller, with constant practice in free 
reproduction of what has been read. 

Text and Reference Books 

Practical German Grammar. Thomas. (Henry Holt & Co., New 
York.) $1.12. 

German Grammar. Joynes-Meissner. (D. C. Heath & Co., Bos- 
ton.) $1.12. 

German Reader. Harris. (Henry Holt & Co., New York.) 
$1.00. 

German Reader. Joynes. (D. C. Heath & Co., Boston.) $1.75. 

German English Dictionary. Weir. (D. C. Heath & Co., Boston.) 
$1.50. 

Commercial German. Kutner. (American Book Co., New York.) 
$1.00. 



SUBJECT COURSES 109 

German Daily Life. Kron. (Newson & Co., New York.) 75 
cents. 

FRENCH— Two Seasons 

For: Students, clerks, salesmen, secretaries, newspaper 
men, stenographers, and those desiring an acquaintance with 
the language. 

Preparation: A grammar school education. 

First Season — Rudiments of grammar; careful drill in 
pronunciation ; exercises in English to French and French 
to English; principles of grammar; special attention to 
irregular verbs and idioms ; much conversational work ; 
reading of simple stories like the following : Le Petit Chose 
(Daudet), Le Tour de la France (Bruno), Le Pays de 
France (Foncin), Le Roi de Montagnes (About) ; much 
oral and written work based on drills and reading exercises. 

Text and Reference Books 

French Grammar. Fraser and Squair. (D. C. Heath & Co., Bos- 
ton.) $1.12. 

French Grammar. Edgren. (D. C. Heath & Co., Boston.) $1.12. 

New French Course. Bacon. (American Book Co., New York.) 
$1.00. 

French Daily Life. Rippman. (Newson & Co., New York. 
75 cents. 

Second Season — French grammar reviewed and ex- 
tended; much work in composition; exercises in pronuncia- 
tion and reading ; French to English and English to French ; 
the use of historical prose articles as Jeanne d'Arc (Lamar- 
tine), Le Siege de Paris (Sarcey) ; dictations; compositions 
and resumes of texts reading ; continued drill on idioms and 
constant application in the construction of sentences ; some 
reading selections from Victor Hugo, Moliere and other 
authorities. For the classic dramas see reading exercises of 
Le Cid Polyeute (Corneille). 

Scientific French in reading the magazine La Nature. 
This latter is very important for science students, 



no OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY 

LATIN— Two Seasons 

For : Students, prospective physicians, pharmacists, law- 
yers, and those preparing for college. 

Preparation : A grammar school education. 

Topics : Pronunciation, grammatical accuracy, and 
familiarity with principles is essential ; Latin to English and 
English to Latin exercises made prominent; principles of 
Latin language from a series of graded exercises; intro- 
ductory Latin book and reader ; selected stories from Roman 
history ; selections from Caesar's Gallic War ; other selections 
from Caesar, Cicero, Sallust, and Virgil; Latin composition. 

Text and Reference Books 

First Year Latin. Collar and Daniel. (Ginn & Co., New York.) 
$1.00. 

Foundations. Bennett. (Allyn & Bacon, New York.) 90 cents. 

SPANISH— Two Seasons 

For : Students, office men, secretaries, clerks, stenogra- 
phers, agents, newspaper men, and those who desire a 
knowledge of Spanish. 

Preparation : A grammar school training or its equiva- 
lent. 

It is not only desirable to be able to read, write, and trans- 
late the Spanish language, but also to speak it. Teachers 
should insist on correct pronunciation and conversational 
exercises during their classes with their pupils, conducting 
the same in Spanish as soon as practicable. The examina- 
tions are intended to be a fair test of the student's pro- 
ficiency, without regard to the method by which he has been 
taught. All methods are good if they arrive at the goal of 
practical, accurate, available knowledge. 

Topics : Ability to translate at sight and into good Eng- 
lish easy selections from the Spanish and short English sen- 



1 



SUBJECT COURSES 111 

tences into Spanish, and to show in addition a practical 
knowledge of the elements of Spanish grammar. 

The elements of Spanish grammar : Article, nouns, their 
gender and number; pronoun, verb, the three regular con- 
jugations and interjection. 

A thorough practical knowledge of Spanish grammar; 
reproductions; descriptions, letter writing, correspondence, 
conversation in Spanish ; syntax ; sight reading and transla- 
tions into English of selections from the better known 
Spanish authors, with some knowledge of their works and 
lives. Selections from the following are advised : — 

Don Quixote. First Part, Chap. IV.; Second Part, Chap. XLII. 
Cervantes. 

El Pirate. El Canto del Cosaco. Esprondeda. 

Selections of "La ultima lamentacion de Lord Byron." Nunez de 
Arce. 

En el puno de la Espada. Jose Echegary. 

(The above books may be secured at R. D. Cortina's 
Academy of Languages, 44 West 34th Street, New York.) 

Text and Reference Books 

The teacher should acquaint himself with "The Art of Teaching 
and Studying Languages," by F. Gouin. (Longmans, Green & Co., 
New York.) $1.75. 

Parallel Grammar Series. Sonnenschein. (The Macmillan Co., 
New York.) 60 cents. 

Spanish in Twenty Lessons. R. D. Cortina. (Cortina, 44 West 
34th Street, New York.) $1.50. 

Metodo-Berlitz. (Berlitz Co., New York.) $1.50. 

Spanish Daily Life. Bonilla. (Newson & Co., New York.) 50 
cents. 

Combined Spanish Method. DeTornos. (D. Appleton & Co., New 
York.) $1.50. 

ELEMENTARY ALGEBRA— Two Seasons 

For: Students, apprentices, office men, shop men, fore- 
men. 



112 OUTLINES OF COURSES OP STUDY 

Preparation: Arithmetic, business English, history, 
civics. 

Topics : First Season — Introduction, literal notation, pre- 
liminary, definitions, signs and symbols, evaluation of literal 
expressions ; fundamental operations, addition, subtraction, 
multiplication, division, detached coefficients, synthetic di- 
vision; simple equations, transformations, solution of prob- 
lems; factoring, divisors and multiples, remainder theorem; 
fractions, reduction, addition, subtraction, multiplication, 
division, fractional equations ; simultaneous equations of the 
first degree. 

Topics : Second Season — Simultaneous equations, two 
or more unknown quantities, elimination, determinants, solu- 
tion of problems; involution and evolution, binomial 
formula, theory of exponents, index law, powers and roots ; 
radicals, reduction, fundamental operations, rationalization ; 
imaginary expressions; quadratic equations, solution by 
factoring, completing the square, theory and properties, 
simultaneous quadratics ; binomial theorem, with any ex- 
ponent ; ratio and proportion ; progressions ; series, converg- 
ance and divergence; logarithms, graphic methods. 

Text and Reference Books 

Elements of Algebra. Beman and Smith. (Ginn & Co., Boston.) 
$1.12. 

Academic Algebra. Beman and Smith. (Ginn & Co., Boston.) 
$1.12. 

Elementary Algebra. Tanner. (American Book Co., New York.) 
$1.00. 

Essentials of Algebra. Stone and Millis. (B. H. Sanborn & Co., 
Boston.) $1.12. 

Elementary Algebra. Wentworth. (Ginn & Co., New York.) 
$1.12. 

New School Algebra. Wells. (D. C. Heath & Co., Boston.) 
$1.32. 

High School Algebra. Milne. (American Book Co., New York.) 
$1.00. 



SUBJECT COURSES 113 

PLANE GEOMETRY— One Season 

For : Apprentices, journeymen, mechanics, engineers, 
foremen, superintendents. 

Preparation: Algebra, instrumental drawing, business 
English, history and government. 

Topics : Introduction, preliminary definitions, axioms, 
postulates ; rectillinear figures, triangles, parallels and paral- 
lelograms, problems, loci ; equality of polygons, pythagorean 
theorem, problems, practical mensuration of surfaces ; cir- 
cles, angles, chords, tangents, secants, inscribed and cir- 
cumscribed figures ; methods of attacking original theorems 
and problems; ratio and proportion, theory of limits, lines 
cut by parallels, lines cut by a circumference, similar figures ; 
mensuration of plane figures, rectangles, triangles, regular 
polygons, the circle. 

Much stress should be laid on original work, figures 
should be accurately drawn, and exact reasoning in every 
case be required. Experience proves that the work should be 
made as concretely practical as possible. Geometrical truths, 
constructions, and reasoning in their application and rela- 
tion to everyday problems, are essential. The closest rela- 
tion between this subject and drawing is desirable. 

Text and Reference Books 

New Plane and Solid Geometry. Beman and Smith. (Ginn & Co., 
Boston.) $1.25. 

Plane and Solid Geometry. Wentworth. (Ginn & Co., Boston.) 
$1.25. 

Plane and Solid Geometry. Wells. (D. C. Heath & Co., Boston.) 
$1.25. 

Elements of Plane and Solid Geometry. Sanders. (American 
Book Co., New York.) $1.25. 

Inductive Plane Geometry. Hopkins. (D. C. Heath & Co., Bos- 
ton.) 75 cents. 



114 OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY 

SOLID GEOMETRY— One Season 

For: Students, mechanics, designers, engineers, fore- 
men, and others interested in the subject. 

Preparation: Instrumental drawing, elements of physics 
and chemistry, algebra, plane geometry. 

Topics : Lines and planes in space, including the meas- 
urement of various kinds of angles, dihedral angles, poly- 
hedral angles ; cylinders, cones, and polyhedrons, including 
their relations and measurements ; pyramids and prisms ; 
similar and regular polyhedrons, cylinders and cones ; the 
sphere, including plane sections and tangent planes, figures 
on the surface, measurements of spherical surfaces, volume 
of a sphere. 

Text and Reference Books 

New Plane and Solid Geometry. Beman and Smith. (Ginn & 
Co., Boston.) $1.25. 

New Plane and Solid Geometry. Wentworth. (Ginn & Co., 
Boston.) $1.25. 

Plane and Solid Geometry. Wells. (D. C. Heath & Co., Boston.) 
$1.25. 

Elements of Plane and Solid Geometry. Sanders. (American 
Book Co., New York.) $1.25. 

Descriptive Geometry. Church. (American Book Co., New 
York.) $2.50. 

TRIGONOMETRY— One Season 

For: Students, engineers, mechanics, superintendents, 
and others interested in the subject. 

Preparation : Algebra, plane and solid geometry, instru- 
mental drawing, physics, chemistry. 

Topics: Definitions and relations of the six trigo- 
nometrical functions, proof and use of formulas, solution 
of right and oblique triangles, solution of trigonometric 
equations ; use of logarithms, application of problems. 



SUBJECT COURSES 115 

Text and Reference Books 

Elements of Plane Trigonometry. C. W. Crockett. (American 
Book Co., New York.) $1.00. 

Plane Trigonometry. Wentworth. (Ginn & Co., Boston.) $1.40. 

Elements of Trigonometry. Wells. (D. C. Heath & Co., New 
York.) $1.08. 

Plane and Spherical Trigonometry. Buchanan. (John Wiley & 
Sons, New York.) $1.00. 

PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY 

For: Students, agents, teachers, and those engaged in 
mining and industrial work. 

Preparation : Elements of physics and elements of 
geology. 

Topics : The earth as a globe — its motions ; the ocean — 
currents, tides, effect on climate; the atmosphere — composi- 
tion, winds, cyclones, tornadoes, rainfall, distribution of 
temperature, weather maps; plains and plateaux — coastal 
plains, young plateaux, dissected plateaux, old plateaux, 
land sculpture, mountains ; rivers — erosion of river valleys, 
waterfalls, development of river system, young, mature, and 
old rivers, deltas, flood plains, lakes and river systems ; 
rising and sinking of coasts, drowned coasts, bays, gulfs, and 
capes ; glacial erosion and deposits — distribution of glacial 
drift in North America and its effect on fertility of soil, 
formation of glacial lakes, formation of waterfalls; effects 
of topography on political geography and history; inland 
waterways in their relation to political geography; mineral 
products. 

Text and Reference Books 

Elementary Physical Geography. W. M. Davis. (Ginn & Co., 
New York.) $1.25. 

Lessons in Physical Geography. C. S. Dryer. (American Book 
Co., New York.) $1.20. 

New Physical Geography. R. T. Tarr. (The Macmillan Co., 
New York.) $1.00. 



116 OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY 

Geographic Influences in American History. A. P. Brigham. 
(Ginn & Co., New York.) $1.25. 

Man and Nature in North America. N. S. Shaler. (Scribner's 
Sons, New York.) $1.50. 

Physiography of the United States. (Various Authors.) (Ameri- 
can Book Co., New York.) 

Geology, Vol. I. Chamberlain and Salisbury. (Henry Holt & 
Co., New York.) $4.00. 

Elements of Geology. Tarr. (The Macmillan Co., New York.) 
$1.40. 

PUBLIC SPEAKING AND ELOCUTION— One Season 

For: Students, professional men, and others who desire 
greater self-command and power in speech. 

Preparation : Arithmetic, English, English literature, his- 
tory, business law, civics. 

Topics: Lectures upon the principal features of public 
speech, individual practice in extemporaneous speaking, 
declamation of matter, both original and otherwise, study 
of the use of the voice in public speaking, exercises in brief 
debates, manner and bearing. 

READING COURSE 

In order to stimulate habits of systematic reading among 
young men, and especially of those books which deal with 
civic, political, social, and modern economic problems, the 
International Committee has and will continue to publish 
lists of books which most nearly will meet the above object. 
These books are recommended by Association officers, ex- 
perienced public librarians, and others familiar with them 
and acquainted with their relation to the problems of young 
men. 

While the suggestion of those books is made, partly to 
strengthen a growing desire to increase the full and efficient 
use of Association and other libraries and reading rooms, 
and as a valuable adjunct to the work done in educational 



SUBJECT COURSES 117 

classes, clubs, talks, and lectures, they are especially se- 
lected to appeal to all young men and boys and particularly 
those who are not reached by any of the other features of 
educational work. 

The lists of books published annually merely serve as 
guides. The aim is to enlist the interest and efforts of 
young men in systematic self-cultivation through definite 
reading. To further this end, an International examina- 
tion is conducted annually on the list of published readings, 
and certificates are awarded for the reading of and suc- 
cessful examination on a minimum number of books. 

ELEMENTS OF MUSIC— One Season 

For: All who enjoy the rare art. 

Preparation : Appreciation of good music, English. 

Topics : Tone, properties of, pitch ; scales, diatonic, ma- 
jor, minor, and chromatic, syllables, and figures for locating 
pitch of tones ; staff, lines and spaces or degrees, names of 
degrees by letter to locate the pitch of tones ; notes and rests, 
the various kinds of each, together with much drill upon 
their use ; clefs, definitions and various kinds ; time, the 
meaning of the numerator and denominator of the fraction, 
various kinds of time ; sharps, flats, naturals, and acci- 
dentals ; signatures, location of do, or i of the key ; signa- 
tures for various keys ; the hold, repeat, slur, tie, accent, 
etc. ; dynamics or terms of power and quality, fortissimo, 
forte, mezzo, piano, pianissimo, etc. ; rhythm or terms of 
movement, largo, adagio, andante, tempo, allegro, etc. ; har- 
mony, various kinds of intervals as primes, seconds, thirds, 
etc. ; chords, triads, and their inversions. 

Text and Reference Books 

The Choral Class Book. McGranahan. (Theo. Presser, Phila- 
delphia.) 

Popular Methods of Sight Reading. Frank Damrosch. (Shirmer 
& Co., New York.) 50 cents. 



118 OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY 

The Vocalist's Companion. (A. T. Goodsell, Bridgeport, Conn.) 
25 cents. 

Principles of Sight Singing. Waldo S. Pratt. (Hartford Sem- 
inary Press.) 30 cents. 

Various Male Quartet Books, Standard Selections and Glees for 
Male Voices. 



AGRICULTURE AND RURAL SCIENCE SUBJECTS 

For : Farmers, real estate agents, business men, students, 
and the rapidly increasing numbers of those interested in the 
subjects of such vital importance. 

Preparatory Subjects : A grammar school education or 
its equivalent. 

The courses under this head should not be thought of as 
complete or exhaustive. They are suggested to meet the 
needs and requirements of the above named classes of men 
who desire a knowledge of scientific up-to-date methods of 
agriculture, but who are not able to attend for either a 
long or short course any of the agricultural colleges of the 
country. These courses should be particularly adapted to 
those Associations which are located in the centers of im- 
portant agricultural districts, for groups of men studying 
under the auspices of the county organizations, or for any 
Association which finds it can meet needs in this direction 
rather than, or as well as, along commercial, industrial or 
technical lines. 

The work should be developed to meet local conditions 
and therefore each subject should be covered with particular 
reference to the peculiar soil, climate, physiographic, geo- 
graphic, and commercial situation of the district to which it 
is applied. Also the work should be so conducted as to 
most nearly fit into the absolute needs of men in these par- 
ticular employments. 



SUBJECT COURSES 119 

It will be advisable for an Association, if possible, to ob- 
tain the services, which in all probability will be gladly ren- 
dered, of the men connected with the state agricultural 
school. It may be found wise to conduct such courses as a 
"shorter course" extending for from one week to a month 
or more, at which time continuous attendance at daily ses- 
sions would be practicable. However, depending upon the 
character and residence of the men and boys registered, the 
course may extend for a longer period. Adequate provision 
should be made for laboratory equipment and means 
whereby students can pursue some individual work in judg- 
ing, scoring, and investigation. 

Such is the case with the Mt. Pleasant, Iowa, Association, 
in a residential city of 6,000 population in one of the best 
agricultural sections of the country. It has conducted for 
two years — one month each year — most successful farmers' 
agricultural institutes of one month each — and attended by 
240 men. The topics following were covered in day and 
evening sessions. Regular practice work on corn and live 
stock was carried through the course. Many other Associa- 
tions will undertake a similar work. Many of the teachers 
came from the state agricultural college. 

The text and reference books named under each subject do 
not include all the good books on them. It is advised that 
special application for information in these and other mat- 
ters should be made to agricultural experiment stations and 
colleges. Special bulletins on these and many other subjects 
can easily be obtained by addressing the Department of 
Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Attention is also called to 
the excellent reading courses published by the Agricultural 
College of Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. Many most 
useful books contain material of a more general character. 
It is impossible to give all of these within limited space. 
These can always satisfactorily introduce the general subject 
and may be used for supplementary reading. 



120 OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY 

FORESTRY 

For: Students, farmers, business men, foresters, and 
those contemplating forestry as a profession. 

Preparation : A high school education or its equivalent. 

Topics : Soils, climate and sites and their influence on 
wood and forest growth ; clearing and thinning ; fire, insect, 
and disease protection; tree and forest planting and repro- 
duction ; windbreaks, shelter-belts, plantations, and 
nurseries ; seeds and seedlings ; wood characteristics ; 
measurement and estimates of felled and standing timber; 
lumbering and milling. 

Lectures and discussions, supplemented by reading, par- 
ticularly adapted to the interests and objectives of the 
students. 

Text and Reference Books 

Timber and Some of Its Diseases. Ward. (The Macmillan Co., 
New York.) $1.75. 

Forest Mensuration. Graves. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) 
$4.00. 

History of the Lumber Industry of America, Vol. I. Defabaugh. 
(American Lumberman, Chicago.) $5.00. 

Practical Forestry. Giflford. (Appleton & Co., New York.) $1.20. 

Principles of American Forestry. Green. (John Wiley & Sons, 
New York) $1.50. 

SOILS 

Topics : Origin, classification and function of soils ; with 
particular reference to plant production ; soil distribution ; 
physical and chemical properties ; fertilization ; soil bacteria ; 
sub-soiling; methods of plowing and tillage; drainage; 
reclamation of waste land ; irrigation. 

Covered by lectures, illustrated discussions, and some 
practice or laboratory work in soil analysis and classification. 

Text and Reference Books 

Agricultural Bacteriology. Conn. (P. Blakiston's Sons & Co., 
Philadelphia.) $2.50. 



SUBJECT COURSES 121 

Irrigation and Drainage. King. (The Macmillan Co., New 
York.) $1.50. 

Fertilizers. Voorhees. (The Macmillan Co., New York.) $1.00. 

The Soil. King. (The Macmillan Co., New York.) 75 cents. 

Fertility of the Land. Roberts. (The Macmillan Co., New York.) 
$1.25. 

Soils. Burkett. (Orange Judd Co., New York.) $1.25. 



FIELD CROPS 

Topics : Cereals and forage plants ; soiling crops, silage 
and roots; crop treatment; rotation; cultivation; planting; 
harvesting, marketing and storage. 

Given by lectures, discussions, readings, and considerable 
laboratory practice with exhibits of various materials. 

Text and Reference Books 

Forage Crops Other Than Grasses. Shaw. (Orange Judd Co., 
New York.) $1.00. 

Cereals in America. Hunt. (Orange Judd Co., New York.) 
$1.75. 

Improved Methods of Corn Growing and Intense Cultivation. 
Armstrong. (J. B. Armstrong.) $1.00. 

GRAIN GRADING AND JUDGING 

Chiefly a laboratory course supplemented by lectures on 
the description, storing, judging, and inspection of cereals 
by the use of outlines and score cards, followed by a study 
of methods of fertilization and grain breeding. 

Text and Reference Books 

Corn Tables for Corn and Rye. E. D. Davis. (E. D. Davis, 
Minneapolis.) $1.25. 

Grain Tables. J. L. Elwood. (E. Durrow Co., Rochester, New 
York.) $1.25. 

Corn Plants. F. L. Sargent. (Houghton, Mififlin & Co., New 
York.) 75 cents. 



122 OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY 

Cereals in America. T. F. Hunt. (Orange Judd Co., New York.) 
$1.75. 

Examining and Grading Grains. (J. L. Lyon and E. G. Mont- 
gomery, Lincoln, Neb.) 40 cents. 

RURAL ECONOMY AND FARM MANAGEMENT 

Lectures and discussions on principles of agricultural 
methods; cost and profit determinations; arranging and 
listing ; profit-sharing systems ; marketing of products ; loca- 
tion and construction of buildings ; permanent improve- 
ments ; labor-saving methods, machinery and power ; crop 
marketing vs. stock feeding; public roads and transporta- 
tion facilities ; farm values and loans. 

Text and Reference Books 

The Farmers' Business Handbook. Roberts. (The Macmillan 
Co., New York.) $1.00. 

Bookkeeping for Farmers. Atkeson. (Orange Judd Co., New 
York.) 25 cents. 

How to Choose a Farm. Hunt. (The Macmillan Co., New York.) 
$1.75. 

INSECTS, PESTS, AND PLANT DISEASES 

Lectures and discussions supplemented by laboratory 
work and individual investigation of crop-destroying insects 
and pests. An elementary study of entomology, particularly 
adapted to farm operations ; description and classification ; 
breeding ; habits of insects ; remedies ; bacterial, fungus, and 
physiological diseases, causes and preventives. 

Text and Reference Books 

Insects Injurious to Vegetables. Chittenden. (Orange Judd Co., 
New York.) $1.50. 

Insects Injurious to Staple Crops. Sanderson. (John Wiley & 
Sons, New York.) $1.50. 

Spraying of Plants. Lodeman. (The Macmillan Co., New York.) 
$1.50. 

Text-book of Plant Diseases. Massee. (The Macmillan Co., 
New York.) $1.60. 



SUBJECT COURSES 123 

ANIMAL HUSBANDRY 

Topics: History and development of breeding; princi- 
ples of breeding; laws of heredity; in-breeding and cross- 
breeding ; creation and improvement of various breeds ; 
principles of feeding, care, selection, and management of 
dairy and beef cattle, sheep, swine, horses ; breed character- 
istics ; selection and measurements of rations ; training and 
development ; diseases ; pedigrees. 

Covered in a series of lectures and discussions on the 
various topics supplemented by practice in judging and 
scoring with card. 

Text and Reference Books 

Swine Husbandry. Coburn. (Orange Judd Co., New York.) 
$1.50. 

Feeds and Feeding. Henry. (C. N. Casper Co., Milwaukee, 
Wis.) $2.00. 

Animal Breeding. Shaw. (Orange Judd Co., New York.) $1.50. 

Care of Animals. Mayo. (The Macmillan Co., New York.) 
$1.25. 

Manual of Cattle Feeding. Armsley. (John Wiley & Sons, New 
York.) $1.75. 

Feeding Farm Animals. Shaw. (Orange Judd Co., New York.) 
$2.00. 

POULTRY HUSBANDRY 

Topics : Origin, history, and classification of domestic 
breeds ; judging and breeding ; managements ; pen records ; 
study of the &gg ; poultry anatomy ; caponizing ; hatching 
and brooding ; incubators ; construction of buildings and 
laying out of plants ; rations and feeding ; diseases ; tgg pro- 
duction ; killing and marketing. 

Lectures and discussions supplemented by practice work 
in judging and laboratory investigation. 

Text and Reference Books 

New Egg Farm. Stoddard. (Orange Judd Co., New York.) 
$1.50. 



124 OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY 

Farm Poultry. Watson. (The Macmillan Co., New York.) $1.25. 

Poultry Craft. Robinson. (Farm Poultry Pub. Co., Boston.) 
SO cents. 

Diseases of Poultry. Salmon. (Orange Judd Co., New York.) 
SO cents. 

DAIRY HUSBANDRY 

Topics: Dairy breeds; care of stock; food rations and 
feeding ; dairy buildings and equipment ; creamery and home 
butter making; cream separation, ripening, churning, but- 
ter working and printing ; cheese making ; dairy machinery ; 
milk inspection and testing; marketing; milk and cream 
pasteurization ; butter scoring. 

Covered by lectures and discussions supplemented by 
laboratory, scoring and judging work. 

Text and Reference Books 

Bacteria in Milk and Its Products. Conn. (P. Blakiston's Son 
& Co., Philadelphia.) $1.2S. 

Milk and Its Products. Wing. (The Macmillan Co., New York.) 
$1.00. 

Principles and Practice of Butter Making. McKay- Varsen. 
(John Wiley & Sons, New York.) $1.S0. 

Modern Methods of Testing Milk and Milk Products. Van Slyke. 
(Orange Judd Co., New York.) 7S cents. 

RURAL ENGINEERING 

Topics : Farm machinery and care ; erection and location 
of buildings ; sanitation ; drainage ; tiling ; roads ; water 
supply. 

Lectures and discussions on the problems of farm en- 
gineering and of the purchase and use of machinery, equip- 
ment and permanent improvements. 

Text and Reference Books 

Engineering for Land Drainage. Elliott. (John Wiley & Sons, 
New York.) $1.S0. 

Practical Farm Drainage. Elliott. (John Wiley & Sons, New 
York.) $1.00. 



SUBJECT COURSES 125 

AGRICULTURAL CLUBS FOR BOYS 

Elementary introduction in the principles of agriculture 
and soil cultivation ; soils and soil preparation ; manures and 
fertilizers ; planting ; seed germination ; thinning ; trans- 
planting ; cultivation ; cuttings ; pests ; light, heat, and moist- 
ure ; seed fertilization. Work can begin in early spring with 
hot beds or window boxes, followed by practical outdoor 
work, which can best be done by the boys on vacant ground 
working cooperatively in a club. 

Text and Reference Books 

Agriculture for Beginners. Burkett. (Ginn & Co., New York.) 
75 cents. 

Practical Agriculture. James. (Appleton Co., New York.) 80 
cents. 

Principles of Vegetable Gardening. Bailey. (The Macmillan Co., 
New York.) $1.25. 



EDUCATIONAL WORK IN CAMPS 

Nature Study : Covered in an elementary way by simple, 
brief talks and conversations, tramps, collections, and ex- 
hibits ; first aid to the injured ; manual work ; rough car- 
pentry, whittling, masonry, boat and raft building ; nautics ; 
sail and rowboat manoeuvring, knotting and splicing; wood- 
craft; use of compass, calculations of time, directions and 
distances; fire building; tutoring; photography; signalling; 
camp cookery; reading; surveying; practical talks. 

Text and Reference Books 

See lists in various courses, consult Bibliography, Association Boys, 
and other publications. 



126 OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY 

SPECIAL RAILROAD SUBJECTS 

While men employed in railroad service, either on the 
road or in the shop, are found improving their abilities in 
various subjects of the commercial, industrial, language, 
machine trade, and other groups, there is an opportunity to 
help still other railroad men, especially the road men, 
through special courses arranged to meet the special require- 
ments on firemen, enginemen, conductors, and others. 

Experience shows that success in all these positions de- 
mands that men must be in good health, in possession of all 
their mental faculties, with emphasis increasingly placed on 
honesty, sobriety, obedience, loyalty and courtesy. 

Best results are realized when men have a maximum of 
actual practice work with their study of principles and text- 
book work, and a minimum of the merely theoretical. An 
engineman can read about engines, and hear people talk 
about them indefinitely, but if he ever understands them, he 
must, in addition to the reading, discussions, lectures, etc., 
have to live on, and in, and run his engine. So with other 
courses, the practice work must accompany the lecture and 
study. 

Some of the work in each subject can be given in talks, 
quizzes, and discussions, some in demonstrations, and some 
in reading ; but the larger part must be in actual daily prac- 
tice work. Depending upon circumstances, the local or 
system instructor may conduct some of the written work 
so that the men may study at home or in connection with 
their daily work. There is no special order in the following 
courses. 

The Kirkman series of books on the "Science of Rail- 
ways," published by the World Railway Publishing Co., of 
Chicago, are recommended as the best complete available 
material on many of the following sections. 



SUBJECT COURSES 127 

For their hearty cooperation, interest and counsel in 
assisting in the construction of this section, we wish to 
particularly mention : 

G. R. Henderson, Consulting Engineer, New York. 

G. P. Conrad, Secretary Association of Transportation 
and Car Accounting Officers, New York. 

R. E. Riley, Tariff Bureau, Southern Pacific Company, 
New York. 

Major B. N. Dunn, Chief Inspector, Bureau for the Safe 
Transportation of Explosives, New York. 

J. A. Christie, City Superintendent, American Express 
Company, New York. 

Frederick T. Slack, Division Superintendent, New York 
Central and Hudson River Railroad, New York. 

ENGINEMEN 

For : Men already in the service and for firemen who are 
fitting themselves to become engineers. 

Preparation : In addition to the qualities mentioned at 
the head of the chapter, the ability to see clearly, read and 
write, and compute accurately is necessary; also experience 
in firing and familiarity with the engine and with general 
railroad work. 

Topics : Definitions and train rules ; signals : visual — as 
lantern, flag, the hand and its motions, indicators, flags or 
lights on head and rear of trains, colors ; auditory — as en- 
gine and air whistle, tail hose, torpedoes; fixed — as the 
block, semaphore, train order, home, distant, post; defini- 
tions and standard rules with generally accepted interpreta- 
tions for the railroad system ; time tables, their various indi- 
cations, interpretations, and accepted rulings in changes. 

Movement of trains ; train orders, their forms, interpreta- 
tion and execution ; train blocking, automatic, space, positive, 
permissive. 



128 OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY 

Engine supplies and emergency tools ; oil and methods of 
lubricating bearings ; coal, its qualities, use and efficiency. 

The air brake; various parts, names, location and opera- 
tion ; pump ; valves, brake, plain triple, quick action, straight 
air, high speed, reducing; proper handling of air brake on 
various kinds of trains. 

Emergencies either in passenger or freight service — as 
protection of trains, in case of hot boxes, derailments, col- 
lisions; personal injury and rendering of first aid; re- 
ports, etc. 

General instruction in air brake practice, train handling, 
car lighting and heating ; locomotive management in detail ; 
breakdowns, bad steaming, poor coal or bad combustion, in- 
jectors, lubricators, boiler feeding, low water, blowing off, 
steam cylinders, steam chests, valve gears, etc. See course 
for Locomotive Firemen. 

Text and Reference Books 

Air Brake — See Air Brake section. 

Standard Code of Train Rules. American Railway Association. 
Book of Rules. 

Locomotive Engine Running and Management. Sinclair. (John 
Wiley & Sons, New York.) $2.00. 
Local Road Rules. 

LOCOMOTIVE FIREMEN 

For : Locomotive firemen, round-house employees and 
others who aspire to become firemen. 

Preparation : In addition to the qualities at the head of 
the section, a knowledge of elementary reading, writing and 
arithmetic. 

Topics : Principles of combustion ; fuel ; steam genera- 
tion; general properties of heat; economical firing with dif- 
ferent kinds of fuel, and the draft conditions suitable for 
same; effect on boiler and steaming of different kinds of 
water and the proper treatment in each case; lubrication of 



SUBJECT COURSES 129 

cylinders and machinery, and the economic use of oil; 
characteristics of different oils ; general principles of air 
brake construction and operation; train operation rules and 
signals, various methods of block and train order signalling ; 
hauling capacity of locomotives ; emergency repairs in cases 
of breakdowns. 

Text and Reference Books 

Catechism of Locomotive. Forney. (D. Van Nostrand Co., New 
York.) $3.50. 

Locomotive Engine Running and Management. Sinclair. (John 
Wiley & Sons, New York.) $2.00. 

Locomotive Operation. Henderson. (Railway Age, Chicago.) 
$3.50. 

Locomotives, Simple, Compound and Electric. Reagan. (John 
Wiley & Sons, New York.) $2.50. 

Air Brake Instruction Book. Westinghouse Air Brake Co. 

Proceedings of Traveling Engineers' Association. 

CONDUCTORS 

For : Conductors now in the service and for trainmen of 
experience, fitting for positions as conductors. 

Preparation : In addition to the qualities stated at the 
beginning of the section, a working knowledge of the three 
R's, general railroad information, and some experience as a 
trainman, are necessary. 

Topics : Train rules ; signals, same as for enginemen ; 
time tables, interpretations and changes ; movement and 
blocking of trains, same as for enginemen. 

Air brake, including the various appliances, the manner 
of coupling up train line ; air brake tests ; defects ; disabled 
parts ; valves, triple, high speed, reducing, car discharge, 
conducting. 

General instruction concerning train movement whether 
passenger or freight; train orders, their forms, interpreta- 
tion and execution ; protection of trains ; train lighting and 
heating; handling of freight; efficient and courteous 



130 OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY 

handling of passenger traffic, accidents and emergencies; 
first aid to injured; reports. 

In general information, training and experience, he must 
be able to be master of the situation. His judgments and 
orders should at all times represent the best results on the 
system and as far as his train and crew are concerned, be 
final authority. 

Text and Reference Books 

First Aid to the Injured. See First Aid Section. 

Standard Code. 

Book of Rules. 

Air Brake. See Air Brake Section. 

Local Road Rules. 

TRAINMEN 

For: Those in the service and those fitting to take such 
positions. 

Preparation: In addition to the qualities at the head of 
the section, a knowledge of the three R's, courtesy, and 
some familiarity with railroad terms and methods is 
essential. 

Topics : Train rules ; signals, same as those for engine- 
men; time tables, how made; train schedule, rules concern- 
ing changes, adjustment to new schedules, interpretation, 
etc. 

Various kinds of trains — as passenger, mixed, freight, 
special, ore, stock, express, mail and excursion; train crew, 
number of men and various positions; train orders, forms 
and importance of execution ; inspection. Passenger train 
service, courtesy, personal appearance, care of equipment, 
proper ventilation and temperature of cars, aid in emer- 
gencies; freight train service, through, local, special, mail, 
express, etc. ; hot boxes, causes and remedies ; way switch- 
ing ; air brake, same as for conductors ; first aid. 

Text and Reference Books 
Same as for Conductors. 



SUBJECT COURSES 131 

OFFICE MEN 

For: Station agents, shipping clerks, office men, and 
others engaged in traffic work. 

Preparation : In addition to the quaUties given at the 
head of the section, a business training, executive abihty, 
and a fair education are essential. 

Topics : Freight — Freight classifications ; conditions of 
acceptance ; carriers' liability ; time tables ; way billing ; 
transportation of freight ; routing ; accounting, division earn- 
ings, connecting line settlements ; claims ; freight rates ; 
federal regulations ; tariff construction. 

Passenger Business : Classification of tickets ; Pullman 
accommodations ; general outline of express ; baggage, 
checking, forwarding, lost and found ; telegraph ; United 
States mail ; passenger tariffs ; time tables ; accountancy of 
earnings. 

A successful method of conducting the course is in 
assigning to the student a station on a line and having him 
perform that work which would be required of him were he 
in the service of a carrier. At the completion of the station 
work the subject of accounting can be taken up and the 
work that has been done by them as station agents they 
will then audit as at the central office. 

Text and Reference Books 
None particularly available. 

AIR BRAKE 

For : Locomotive engineers and firemen, trainmen, 
round-house mechanics, and repair men. 

Preparation : In addition to the qualities at the head of 
the section, a knowledge of elementary reading, writing 
and arithmetic. 

In order to give the best service, engineers should fully 



132 OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY 

understand how to make simple repairs on the road. The 
fireman who aspires to the right-hand running-board should 
also be posted. Trainmen should know how to obviate sim- 
ple defects between terminals, and those responsible for 
maintenance of equipment either in the yards or the engine 
houses should be able to locate and remedy defects. While 
some portions of the course should be studied by all the 
classes of employees mentioned, some parts have particular 
application to the operation, and others to the maintenance 
and repair of brakes. These will be more particularly use- 
ful to train operatives or to shopmen respectively. 

Topics : General — Principles of operating brakes by 
compressed air and the general arrangement of various 
valves, cylinders, pipes and reservoirs ; effect of friction be- 
tween rails and wheels, and between wheels and brake- 
shoes in retarding trains ; elements of compression ; storage 
and transmission of air; detail construction of the various 
parts of both the Westinghouse and the New York Air 
Brake, and also train signal apparatus. 

For locomotive and trainmen : Effects of graduating 
the application and release of brakes on long and short 
trains; proper handling and adjustment for straight air, 
quick acting, high speed and high pressure control. 

For repair men : Detection of defects and location of 
same; repairing parts under cars and testing trains before 
leaving terminals; detail repairs of the individual parts in 
the shop; wear and breakage of parts and the proper re- 
placement of same. 

This work should include tests and experiments with 
actual working models and personal examination of the 
different parts comprising the brake if possible. 

Text and Reference Books 

Air Brake and Train Signal Instruction. M. C. B. Association. 
Air Brake Catechism. Blackall. (Norman W. Henley, New 
York.) $1.50. 



SUBJECT COURSES 133 

M. C. A. Tests and Reports. M. C. B. Proceedings. 
Air Brake Instruction. Westinghouse Air Brake Company. 
Treatise on New York Air Brake. International Correspondence 
Schools. 

TRANSPORTATION OF EXPLOSIVES AND OTHER 
DANGEROUS ARTICLES 

For: Trainmen, yardmen, conductors, express and sta- 
tion agents and others whose duties require them to have 
some knowledge of the handling, transportation and storage 
of explosives and other dangerous articles. 

Preparation : At least a grammar school education or its 
equivalent, in addition to the qualities named at the head 
of this section. 

Topics: General nature and classification of explosive 
and inflammable articles; manufacture of explosive com- 
pounds and mixtures; chemical and practical tests for sta- 
biHty, for sensitiveness to shock and friction and for 
strength ; packing for shipment ; storage at railway stations ; 
loading and staying of packages in cars ; protection of pack- 
ages by labels and of cars by placards ; handling of cars in 
switching and location in trains ; precautions while cars are 
in transit ; disposition of defective packages ; action in case 
of wreck; railway reports and blank forms used in con- 
nection with transportation of explosives and other dan- 
gerous articles. 

These topics may be covered chiefly by lectures by rail- 
way employees experienced in handling these shipments, 
manufacturers of explosives, chemists and representatives 
of the Bureau for the Safe Transportation of Explosives 
and Other Dangerous Articles. Special readings can 
follow. 

Text and Reference Books 

Any text book on Elementary Chemistry. 

Cundill's Dictionary of Explosives. (An English publication.) 



134 OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY 

Regulations for the Transportation of Explosives and Other 
Dangerous Articles, approved by the American Railway Association, 
24 Park Place, New York. 

EXPRESS COMPANY EMPLOYEES 

For : Men in the employ of express companies. 

Preparation : In addition to qualities stated at the head 
of this section, executive ability, working knowledge of the 
three R's, and business training are essential. 

Topics : Definitions, terms, rules, interpretations ; wagon 
service, duties of drivers and helpers, care of horses, pro- 
tection of property; messenger service, duties at office ter- 
minals, on road, methods of checking and handling freight 
in station and in cars, reports ; agents, their qualifications, 
duties, responsibilities, reports, methods of promoting busi- 
ness ; tariffs ; outward and inward business and various 
methods of handling; claims, how and when made, manner 
of filing with the company, suggestions on avoidance of 
unwise claims, and the manner of handling them. 

Particular emphasis in this subject should be laid on the 
qualities of honesty, sobriety and good behavior on the part 
of men engaged in the express business. 

Text and Reference Books 
None particularly available. 



IV. INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS 



These written exercises have proven most valuable by- 
stimulating both teachers and students, increasing thorough- 
ness and definiteness of work and revealing points of weak- 
ness and strength. In the student they have developed 
accuracy of expression, concentration of mind, the ability 
to use his own resources, the best educational discipline, and 
have furnished him a standard by which to judge of his 
progress. These exercises under the direction of the Board 
of Examiners are held during the first week in April and 
the second week in June. Dates and details will be sent 
each Association in ample time. 



INTERNATIONAL EXAMINERS 

The outlines of courses of study in this book, being the 
experience of the best evening schools and other institu- 
tions helping employed men and boys educationally, have 
been further improved and strengthened by the Board of 
Examiners, each of whom is an authority in his subject. 
These men and others like them conduct the annual exam- 
inations and finally pass upon results. Among the exam- 
iners are the following: — 

T. M. Balliet, Dean of the School of Pedagogy, University 
of New York. 

S. P. Spencer, Judge of the Circuit Court, St. Louis, and 
President International Convention Y. M. C. A., 1907. 

W. S. Perry, Director Art Department, Pratt Institute, 
Brooklyn. 

A. D. F. Hamlin, Director Department of Architecture, 
Columbia University. 



136 OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY 

W. W. Beman, Professor of Mathematics, University of 
Michigan, Ann Arbor. 

L. Rouillion, Director Mechanics Institute, New York. 

G. J. Smith, Examiner Board of Education, New York. 

R. W. Moore, Professor of German, Colgate University, 
Hamilton, N. Y. 

J. M. Lopez-Guillen, Iglesia Congregational, Hispano- 
Americana, Havana, Cuba. 

N. P. Heffley, Heffley School of Commerce, Brooklyn. 

A. L. Williston, Director School of Technology, Pratt 
Institute, Brooklyn. 

Haskins & Sells, Certified Public Accountants, New York, 
Chicago, London. 

G. R. Henderson, Consulting Engineer, New York. 

C. Forbes, Mechanics' Institute and Teachers' College, 
New York. 

W. J. Hancock, Erasmus Hall High School, Brooklyn. 

George J. Fisher, M. D., Physical Department, Interna- 
tional Committee, New York. 

New examiners are added annually. 

REGULATIONS GOVERNING INTERNATIONAL 
EXAMINATIONS 

(1) Supervision. The general secretary or educational di- 
rector shall be responsible for their supervision and conduct. 

(2) Dates. Regular examinations will be held annually at 
specified dates during the first week in April and the second 
week of June. Special examinations may be held April 15- 
May 15, and possibly in December at the convenience of a local 
Association, provided: (a) The Committee has time to satis- 
factorily arrange for the same, (b) The necessarily greater 
expenses are assumed. The Committee will undertake to pro- 



INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS 137 

vide a special first season or elementary examination in a sin- 
gle subject for any number of students from one to twenty 
meeting in the same place at the same time for $10, and fifty 
cents for each additional student. Similarly for second-season 
examinations $15 per subject, and seventy-five cents for each 
additional student. 

(3) Subjects. The subjects, as a rule, together with days of 
the week, will be as follows: 

Monday. Arithmetic, Shop Mathematics, Electricity, Ac- 
countancy. 

Tuesday. Bookkeeping, Geometry, Chemistry, Literature, 
Locomotive Car Design, Personal Hygiene. 

Wednesday. Freehand Drawing, Algebra, Stenography, Busi- 
ness Law, Spanish. 

Thursday. Mechanical Drawing, Architectural Drawing, 
Reading Course, Boys' Group Course, French. 

Friday. English, First Aid, Typewriting, German, Steam En- 
gineering. 

Saturday. Physics, Machine Design, Elements of Music, 
Boiler Firing, Public Health. 

Special annual announcements will give particulars in detail. 
Former question papers usually show the general character of 
the examinations. The Committee will try to arrange for ex- 
aminations in additional subjects if desired and for the best 
good of all, providing the expenses are met. 

(4) Thesis Drawings. In the second season or advanced 
work in Mechanical, Architectural and Freehand Drawing, the 
students must have completed thesis drawings or designs pre- 
vious to the examinations in April or June, and be ready to send 
them with the returned examination papers. No student can 
receive a certificate in the advanced or second season examina- 
tion in drawing if he fails to submit such work. The thesis 
drawings must be completed some time during the three months 
preceding the examinations. They may constitute a part of the 
regular course and the student may receive the occasional coun- 
sel and criticism of the instructor but the drawings must be 
wholly the work' of the student. He will be required to state 
on a blank provided for the purpose, that he has done the entire 
work himself. They should be on good and appropriate drawing 
paper 8 x 11 inches in size, or a multitiple of such size, so they 



138 OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY 

may be folded and sent in the original examination package. 
They may be retained as the property of the International 
Committee, hence blue prints of the originals should be sub- 
mitted when possible. These thesis drawings are required that 
the examiners may obtain a better idea of the student's pro- 
ficiency and progress than can be secured by the examination 
alone. 

In mechanical drawing, the thesis will require two sheets of 
paper, one for the assembly drawing and one for the details, and 
will involve a simple machine or piece of a machine, as a part 
of a lathe, engine, or other mechanical appliance. 

In freehand drawing, the thesis will require three sheets: 
first, an outline drawing of an interior of a room; second, a 
light-and-shade drawing from a cast; third, a drawing of an 
ornament or an applied design. 

In architectural drawing, the thesis work will require one or 
two sheets, showing either the exterior ori the floor plan of a 
small cottage of two or three rooms on a floor; the exterior or 
floor plans of a one-story library or church, or the educational 
department floor of a large Y. M. C. A. building, or an 
equivalent. 

See pages 40 and 41 for details in these matters. 

(5) How to Order. A requisition blank is sent each secre- 
tary or director about March 1. On this blank — not on other 
paper — and signed by the general secretary or educational direc- 
tor, order as many question papers in each subject as will be 
needed. Be sure to order enough, and thus avoid the confusion 
of a later change and the disappointment of many desiring 
to take part at the last moment and not finding question papers 
enough for them. Only one person is permitted to use one 
question paper. Obviously the examiners will accept no more 
returned answer papers in any subject than there were question 
papers ordered. This requisition blank for the regular April or 
June examinations cannot be filed if received after a date ten days 
preceding the examination. For the special examinations, the 
order must be received at least twenty days in advance. The 
order from both senior and boys' departments in a single 
Association should be placed on one and the same blank. The 
material for examinations in both departments will be sent in 
one package. 

Teachers should see that their students who can do credit in 
any of the examinations are strongly urged to participate. The 



INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS 139 

order for question papers must be given to the secretary or 
director at least twenty to tliirty days in advance. The in- 
creasing value of these written tests to both students and 
teachers will lead them to gladly emphasize the opportunity of 
participation. Teachers should be present, if possible, at the 
time of the examinations, carefully look over, mark and deliver 
each paper to the secretary or director within two days after the 
examination. In case the Association chooses the cooperative 
plan of setting questions, the teacher will proceed as in section 
7. 

(6) Expenses. The conduct of the regular examinations 
costs the International Committee more than twice as much 
as is received from the charge for question papers. To help 
cover a portion of this expense of the regular examinations in 
April, and also in June, the charge is 25 cents for each ele- 
mentary or first season question paper, and 50 cents for each 
second season question paper, including certificates won. For 
the special examinations the rates would necessarily be much 
higher. See section 2. The above charges in each instance 
include a quantity of specially prepared examination paper for 
each student, and the necessary blanks and forms used. 

(7) Local Cooperation in Questions. A choice of two plans 
for official examination questions is oflfered: (1) Use the In- 
ternational questions entirely, the student answering questions 
the sum of whose credits equals 100. (2) Use International 
questions equaling 70 credits and local questions equaling 30 
credits, provided: (a) The local teacher, in conjunction with the 
educational director or general secretary, prepares at least 5 
questions which meet local needs, but which are no less difficult 
than International questions of previous years, and provided 
the same are sealed and withheld from the students until the 
hour of the official examination, (b) The student first answers 
7 of the International questions, and then at the same session 
answers 3 of the 5 local questions provided, (c) The local 
teacher marks the answers to both series of questions and sends 
to the International Committee the local questions together with 
all papers marked 65 or above. 

The sealed envelopes containing all questions, whether In- 
ternational or local, must be kept sealed under all circumstances 
until the specified hour for the examinations, and then opened 
only in the presence of the class when seated ready for the 
exercise. 



140 OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY 

(8) The Student will write in black ink all answers to such 
questions — whether International alone or both International 
and local — as are required or selected, the sum of whose credits 
equals 100, but no more. All work, not results merely, is to be 
placed on the written paper. Each student must work inde- 
pendently, rely on his own judgment, neither ask nor receive 
any help of any kind from any source. Only as many men may 
write on the examinations as there have been question papers 
ordered and received. 

(9) Marking Papers. At the close of the examinations the 
teachers are to collect and mark the answer papers, both Inter- 
national and local, placing a mark on each answer — not one 
mark for the paper as a whole. Such marking is to be done in 
red ink. Teachers are urged to be very careful in such marking 
and should deliver all results finished within two days following 
the examinations. 

(10) How to Send Papers. While the minimum passing 
grade will be kept at 75, the examiners desire that all papers 
bearing a total mark of 65 for either the International questions 
when used alone, or for both International and local questions 
together, when the latter are used, be sent to them. Such papers 
in each subject should be fastened together and carefully re- 
corded on the class lists. These smaller packages should then 
be gathered into one larger package and sent by mail or express 
prepaid to George B. Hodge, 124 East 28th Street, New York. 
Such returns should be received within ten days following the 
examinations. They will not be accepted by the examiners if 
they bear a postmark or express shipping date later than ten 
days after the examinations. 

(11) Certificates. As soon as the papers have been examined 
and recorded by the examiners and by the Committee, a record 
of the results will be sent each secretary interested. About 
three weeks after this, or as soon as the certificates can be en- 
grossed and signed by the proper officers, they will be sent in 
bulk to the general secretary or educational director. 

(12) The McBurney Cup, for promoting efficiency in educa- 
tional work among boys, will be awarded that Association whose 
boy members seventeen years of age and under, in the regular 
April examinations, win the largest actual, or the largest pro- 
portionate number of certificates in relation to the boy mem- 
bership. (See folder, The McBurney Memorial Cup.) 



INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS 141 

SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS 

To Secretaries and Directors. (1) The order for question 
papers should be made on the requisition blank — not on other 
paper — signed by the secretary or educational director. 

(2) Orders from both men's and boy's departments should 
be placed on one and the same blank. 

(3) To avoid confusion and mistakes, the requisition should 
reach New York twenty days or more before the examinations, 
and should not thereafter be modified unless absolutely 
necessary. 

(4) The certificate of the general secretary or director to 
the effect that all regulations governing the examinations have 
been faithfully observed, will be required for the acceptance of 
the students' papers by the International Examiners. 

To Teachers. (1) Each teacher should become familiar with 
the regulations in detail governing both the regular and the 
special examinations. 

(2) He is urged to plan for, and to lead a few of his students 
to take part, also give the order for question papers to the 
secretary or director at least twenty days before the examina- 
tions. (See Regulations, sec. 5.) 

(3) He is invited to cooperate with the International Exam- 
iners in setting official questions, also in keeping these as well 
as the International questions in sealed envelopes until the time 
of examination. (See Regulations, sec. 7.) 

(4) He will see that all students in the second season or ad- 
vanced examinations in either Mechanical, Architectural or 
Freehand Drawing have completed their respective thesis draw- 
ings or designs before the date of the examination, and have 
the same or their copies ready to send with the students' exam- 
ination papers to New York. (See Regulations, sec. 4.) 

(5) In Freehand Drawing, he will gather some models or 
objects with straight edges and others with curved edges and 
surfaces to arrange in groups on desk or table for the purpose 
of using them in the examination. 

(6) He will mark each answer on all papers in red ink and 
deliver the same to the secretary or director within two days 
after the examinations. (See Regulations, sec. 9.) 

To Students. (1) The student will place the number of each 
question above or before its answer and confine his answer 



142 OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY 

strictly to the question proposed. All work in the examinations 
— not merely answers, but computations, exercises and opera- 
tions — is to be put on the examination paper. Failure to do so 
will be marked zero. 

(2) All work, as far as possible, should be in black ink. 
Drawings and sketches for freehand work, also in elementary 
mechanical and architectural drawing may be in pencil, while 
in the advanced mechanical and architectural drawing it should 
be mainly in ink. 

(3) The student will write in black ink all answers to such 
questions — whether International alone or both International 
and local — as are required or selected, the sum of whose credits 
equals 100, but no more. All work, not results merely, is to be 
placed on the written paper. 

(4) The student is not permitted: (a) To have any book, 
notes, or other helps in the examinations, (b) To communicate, 
with any one in any way. He must rely on his own judgment 
for the interpretation, meaning and answer of each question, 
(c) To leave the room after the examination has begun and 
return again to continue his examination, (d) To write on the 
examinations unless he is furnished a set of printed questions 
for his own individual use. No two students are allowed to use 
the same question paper, (e) To occupy more than three hours 
in the examinations in any one subject. 

(5) When he has finished his examination, or the time of 
closing has arrived, he will deliver his papers to the person in 
charge. 

(6) A violation of any of the above requirements forfeits the 
right to the examination. 



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